Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgements of Reviewers 9
RILEM Publications 10
TC 238-SCM Publication List 20
RILEM TC 238-SCM Members 22
Contents 24
Introduction 25
1 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag 27
Abstract 27
1.1 Blast-Furnace Slag—An Overview 28
1.1.1 History of Blast-Furnace Slag 28
1.1.2 Production and Use of Blast-Furnace Slag 28
1.1.3 Composition and Reactivity of Gbfs 29
1.1.4 Ggbfs as Cement Constituent and as Concrete Addition 33
1.2 Relevant Standards for Ggbfs as Cement and Concrete Addition 34
1.3 Selected Environmental Aspects on Gbfs and Ggbfs 36
1.3.1 CO2 Footprint 36
1.3.2 Heavy Metal Contents 37
1.3.3 Leaching 38
1.3.4 Radioactivity 39
1.4 Impact of Ggbfs on Fresh Concrete Properties and Setting Time 39
1.4.1 Workability and Superplasticizer Demand 39
1.4.2 Segregation and Bleeding 45
1.4.3 Slump Loss 45
1.4.4 Setting Time 46
1.5 Impact of Ggbfs on Heat of Hydration 48
1.6 Impact of Ggbfs on Strength Development 52
1.6.1 Compressive Strength 52
1.6.1.1 Hardening at Standard Conditions 52
1.6.1.2 Importance of Curing and Curing Temperature 54
1.6.1.3 Adiabatic Curing Experiments for Simulation of Field Conditions 56
1.6.2 Flexural and Tensile Strength 57
1.7 Impact of Ggbfs on Modulus of Elasticity 59
1.8 Impact of Ggbfs on Concrete Color 60
1.9 Impact of Ggbfs on Shrinkage and Creep 63
1.10 Impact of Ggbfs on Transport Properties 64
1.10.1 Pore Refinement and Permeability 64
1.10.2 Sorptivity 67
1.10.3 Carbonation 67
1.10.4 Chloride Ingress 68
1.10.5 Resistivity 70
References 71
2 Fly Ash 80
Abstract 80
2.1 Overview, Production of Fly Ash, Pre- and Post-blending, Uses in Concrete 81
2.2 List of Relevant Standards 81
2.3 Environmental Sustainability 83
2.4 Fresh Properties of Fly Ash 84
2.4.1 Size, Shape and Colour 84
2.4.2 Fineness 84
2.4.3 Specific Gravity 84
2.4.4 Pozzolanic Activity 84
2.4.5 Particle Morphology 85
2.4.6 Moisture 85
2.4.7 Chemical Composition 86
2.4.8 Mineralogical Characteristics (References) 86
2.5 Effect of Fly Ash on the Fresh Properties of Cement and Concrete 87
2.5.1 Workability 87
2.5.2 Bleeding and Segregation 90
2.5.3 Setting Time 91
2.5.4 Chemical Admixture Interaction 93
2.6 Early Age Strength Development 94
2.7 Heat of Hydration, Rate of Reaction (Influence of Temperature and Curing, Maturity Functions) 97
2.8 Compressive Strength 100
2.9 Tensile Strength 107
2.10 Transport Properties 108
2.10.1 Carbonation 110
2.10.2 Resistance to Chloride Ingress 113
2.10.3 Sulfate Resistance 115
2.10.4 Freezing and Thawing Resistance 117
2.10.5 Alkali Aggregate Reactions 118
References 118
3 Silica Fume 124
Abstract 124
3.1 Introduction 124
3.2 Production and Use in Concrete 125
3.2.1 Production 125
3.2.2 Characteristics 126
3.2.3 Available Forms 126
3.2.4 Use in Concrete 127
3.2.5 Standards 129
3.2.6 Health and Safety 129
3.2.7 Environmental Sustainability 130
3.3 Fresh and Early Age Concrete Properties 131
3.3.1 Workability 131
3.3.2 Rheology 131
3.3.3 Bleeding 132
3.3.4 Chemical Admixture Interaction 132
3.3.5 Setting Time 132
3.3.6 Initial Protection and Curing 133
3.3.7 Shrinkage 133
3.3.8 Early Age Strength 133
3.3.9 Heat of Hydration 134
3.4 Hardened Properties 134
3.4.1 Summary of Effects on Mechanical Properties 134
3.4.2 Compressive Strength 135
3.4.2.1 High Strength Concrete 135
3.4.2.2 High Early Strength—High Ultimate Strength 135
3.4.3 Tensile and Flexural Strength 136
3.4.4 Modulus of Elasticity 137
3.4.5 Bond 137
3.4.6 Creep 137
3.4.7 Fire Resistance 137
3.4.8 Abrasion and Erosion 138
3.4.9 Transport Properties 138
3.4.9.1 Porosity 138
3.4.9.2 Permeability 139
3.5 Durability 139
3.5.1 Sulfate Resistance 139
3.5.2 Chloride Resistance 140
3.5.3 Alkali Silica Reaction 141
3.5.4 Carbonation 142
References 142
Further Reading/Information Sources 146
4 Limestone Powder 147
Abstract 147
4.1 Introduction 148
4.2 Hydration Reactions and Strength of Portland Limestone Cements 150
4.3 Effect of Limestone Fillers on Fresh Properties of Mortar and Concrete 152
4.3.1 Influence on Water Requirement 152
4.3.2 Influence on Bleeding 156
4.3.3 Influence on Setting 157
4.3.4 Influence on Superplasticizer Demand 159
4.4 Effect of Limestone Powder on Fresh Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete 161
4.5 Hydration and Strength of Portland Composite Cements Containing Limestone 165
4.6 Evaluation of Industrially Produced Portland Limestone Cements 166
4.7 Durability 167
4.8 Environmental Benefits 169
4.9 Conclusions 169
References 171
Standards 175
5 Metakaolin 176
Abstract 176
5.1 Overview and Background 177
5.2 List of Relevant Standards 181
5.3 Health and Safety Issues 182
5.4 Environmental Sustainability 183
5.5 Fresh Properties 185
5.5.1 Workability, Slump, Water Demand, Rheology, Bleeding 185
5.5.2 Chemical Admixture Interaction 186
5.5.3 Setting Times, Plastic Settlement, Plastic Shrinkage, Curing 186
5.6 Properties at Early Age 188
5.6.1 Autogenous Shrinkage 188
5.6.2 Early Age Strength Development 189
5.6.3 Heat of Hydration, Rate of Reaction (Influence of Temperature and Curing, Maturity Functions) 189
5.7 Compressive Strength 192
5.8 Tensile Strength 193
5.9 Flexural Strength 194
5.10 Modulus of Elasticity 194
5.11 Fatigue 195
5.12 Transport Properties and Related Durability Issues 195
5.13 Concluding Remarks 198
References 198
6 Natural Pozzolans 203
Abstract 203
6.1 Introduction 204
6.1.1 Types of Natural Pozzolans 206
6.1.2 Type of Incorporation 210
6.2 Geographical Occurrence 210
6.2.1 Occurrence 210
6.2.1.1 Europe 211
6.2.1.2 Middle East 213
6.2.1.3 Americas 214
6.2.1.4 China 215
6.2.1.5 Africa 215
6.2.1.6 Oceania 216
6.2.2 Global Consumption of Natural Pozzolans 216
6.3 Influence of Natural Pozzolans Addition on Concrete Properties 216
6.3.1 Properties of Fresh Concrete 216
6.3.1.1 Consistency and Water Demand 216
6.3.1.2 Setting 218
6.3.1.3 Bleeding and Segregation 219
6.3.1.4 Rheology and Interaction with Chemical Admixtures 219
6.3.2 Heat of Hydration 222
6.3.3 Shrinkage and Cracking 222
6.3.4 Microstructure 223
6.3.4.1 Porosity and Pore Size Distribution 223
6.3.4.2 Transport Properties 226
6.3.5 Properties of Hardened Concrete 227
6.3.5.1 Compressive Strength 227
6.3.5.2 Lithification 231
6.3.5.3 Abrasion Resistance 232
6.3.6 Chemical Durability 232
6.3.6.1 Carbonation 232
6.3.6.2 Resistance to Chloride Attack 234
6.3.6.3 Resistance to Sulfate Attack 236
6.3.6.4 Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) 240
6.3.7 Protection of Steel Reinforcement from Corrosion 242
6.3.8 Performance at Elevated Temperatures 244
6.4 Specifications 244
6.5 Conclusions 245
References 247
7 Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials 254
Abstract 254
7.1 Introduction 255
7.2 The Need for Innovative Technologies 258
7.3 The Use of Steel Slag 261
7.3.1 Composition and Application of Steel Slag 261
7.3.2 Utilization of Steel Slag 264
7.3.3 Blended Cement with Steel Slag 266
7.4 The Use of Pulverized Bottom Ash 268
7.4.1 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition 269
7.4.2 Microstructure and Physical Properties 270
7.4.3 Pozzolanic Activity and Mechanical Properties 271
7.4.4 Durability Performance 272
7.5 The Use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash 272
7.5.1 Composition and Pozzolanic Activity of SCBA 273
7.5.2 The Effect of SCBA on Fresh Properties of Concrete 275
7.5.3 The Effect of SCBA on Strength and Durability 276
7.6 The Use of Silica Fume with Reduced SiO2 Content 277
7.7 The Use of Waste Glass 282
7.8 Conclusions 291
References 293
Additional Literature 300
8 Rice Husk Ash 304
Abstract 304
8.1 Introduction 305
8.1.1 General 305
8.1.2 Environmental Issue of RHA 305
8.1.3 Reactivity and Pozzolanic Reaction of RHA 306
8.2 Effect of RHA on Fresh Concrete Properties 308
8.2.1 Influence on Workability and Bleeding 308
8.2.2 Influence on Setting Time 309
8.2.3 Temperature Effects in Concrete 310
8.3 Influence of RHA on Mechanical Properties of Concrete 311
8.3.1 Effect of RHA on Compressive Strength of Concrete 311
8.3.2 Effect of RHA on Tensile and Flexural Strength of Concrete 311
8.3.3 Effect of RHA on Stress-Strain Relation and Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete 313
8.4 Influence of RHA on Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete 314
8.4.1 Effect of RHA on Shrinkage of Concrete Mixes 314
8.4.2 Effect of RHA on Creep of Concrete 316
8.5 Influence of RHA on Transport Properties of Concrete 317
8.5.1 Effect of RHA on Water Permeability of Concrete 317
8.5.2 Effect of RHA on Chloride-Ion Diffusion of Concrete 318
8.6 Conclusion 319
References 320
9 Ternary Blends 324
Abstract 324
9.1 Introduction 324
9.2 Fresh Properties 326
9.3 Compressive Strength 326
9.4 Transport Properties 333
9.5 Summary 334
References 334