Paradigm Shift in Urban Mobility (eBook)

Dr. Tomasz Janasz is a business consultant for digital innovation and transformation at a German multinational software corporation. His focus lies on digital business models for the Internet of Things with the main interest in designing efficient urban mobility systems.

Foreword 6
Foreword 8
Acknowledgments 10
Abstract 12
Table of Contents 13
PREFACE Introduction to the Dissertation 28
1 Sustainable Development 28
1.1 Current State of Affairs 28
1.1.1 Green Economy 28
1.1.2 Substantial Change 29
1.1.3 Sustainability as a Regulative Idea 30
1.2 The Great Transformation 31
1.3 Transformative Literacy 32
2 Object of Investigation: Automobility 35
2.1 Problem Statement 35
2.2 The Concept of Factor Ten 39
2.3 Transformative Literacy for the Paradigm Shift in Urban Mobility 39
2.4 Limitations 43
PART I Factor 10 of Automobility: Undiscovered Potentials 45
3 Part I: Introduction 45
4 Towards a New Concept of Car Efficiency 45
4.1 Resource Management 45
4.2 Extending the Understanding of Car Efficiency 48
4.3 Redefining the Notion of Car Efficiency 49
5 Concepts for Shifting the Efficiency of Car Usage 51
5.1 Carsharing: What is it? 51
5.2 Ridesharing: What is it? 53
6 Efficiency Potentials of Automobility 54
6.1 Calculation Model for Efficiency Potentials 54
6.1.1 Fundamental Terminology 54
6.1.2 Carsharing: Calculation for timely synchronized rides 55
6.1.3 Ridesharing: Calculation for higher occupancy level of a car 56
6.2 Hypothetical Efficiency Calculations for Car- and Ridesharing 56
6.2.1 Leisure Traffic in Switzerland 58
6.2.1.1 Carsharing: Efficiency Potentials 60
6.2.1.2 Ridesharing: Efficiency Potentials 61
6.2.1.3 CIPS: Calculation with Real Data 62
6.2.2 Work Traffic in Switzerland 64
6.2.2.1 Ridesharing: Efficiency Potentials 66
6.2.2.2 CIPS: Calculation with Real Data 67
6.3 Conclusions 69
6.4 Limitations 70
7 On the Way to Factor 10 of Automobility 72
7.1 Shared Autonomous Vehicles: What is it? 72
7.2 Efficiency Potentials 73
7.2.1 Literature 73
7.2.2 Shared Mobility Concepts and Autonomous Vehicles 75
7.2.3 Case Studies 76
7.3 Analysis and Limitations 83
7.3.1 Quality of Service 83
7.3.2 Average Vehicle Occupancy 84
7.3.3 Implications on Total Distance and Empty-Vehicle-Performance 84
7.3.4 Reduction in Parking Infrastructure 85
7.3.5 Environmental Impacts with regard to GHG Emissions and Energy Use 86
7.3.6 Costs of the System 87
7.3.7 Further limitations 90
7.4 Next Steps for Further Research 90
PART II Digital Technologies and Business Model Innovations for Urban Mobility 92
8 Part II: Introduction 92
8.1 Objectives 92
8.2 Research Design and Methodology in Part II 93
9 Literature Review 96
9.1 Literature Review Strategy 96
9.1.1 Areas of Interest 96
9.1.2 Research Domains and Limitations 97
9.1.3 Strategy for the Literature Review 98
9.1.3.1 Literature Review via a Database 98
9.1.3.2 Literature Review on Future-Oriented Urban Mobility 102
9.2 Initial Literature Discussion 103
10 Results of the Literature Review 106
10.1 Mobility Value Chain 106
10.2 Mobility Innovation Elements 108
10.2.1 Automobile Innovation 110
10.2.2 Mobility Services 111
10.2.3 Mobility Infrastructure 113
10.2.4 Mobility Information 113
10.3 Digital Technology Developments for Application in Urban Mobility 116
10.3.1 Introduction 116
10.3.2 Digital technology: What is it? 117
10.3.2.1 Perception Technologies 119
10.3.2.2 Network Technologies 123
10.3.2.3 Support/Infrastructure Technologies 125
10.3.2.4 Application Interfaces 129
10.3.2.5 Security and Privacy 130
10.4 Actors of Urban Mobility 131
10.5 Business Models for Urban Mobility 135
10.5.1 Initial Considerations 135
10.5.2 Outcomes from the Literature Review 137
10.5.3 Business Model Archetypes for Urban Mobility 138
11 Innovating and Developing Business Models for Urban Mobility 141
11.1 Introduction 141
11.2 Business Model Innovation 141
11.3 Developing a Business Model Framework 141
11.4 Business Model Patterns 145
12 Typology of Digital Business Models for Emerging Shared Auto-mobility Services 149
12.1 Introduction 149
12.1.1 Focus area 149
12.1.2 Research Methodology 150
12.2 Prototype 1: Digital Carsharing 150
12.2.1 Carsharing: Business Concepts 150
12.2.2 Case Study: smexx GmbH 152
12.2.2.1 Introduction to smexx GmbH 152
12.2.2.2 Possible Use Cases 154
12.2.2.3 Business Model Analysis 157
12.2.2.4 Business Model Patterns 165
12.2.2.5 Business Model Innovation 166
12.2.3 Proposition: Digital Carsharing 168
12.3 Prototype 2: Digital Ridesharing 169
12.3.1 Ridesharing: Business Concepts 169
12.3.2 Case Study: TwoGo® by SAP 173
12.3.2.1 Introduction to TwoGo by SAP 173
12.3.2.2 Possible Use Cases 176
12.3.2.3 Business Model Analysis 180
12.3.2.4 Business Model Patterns 191
12.3.2.5 Business Model Innovation 192
12.3.3 Proposition: Digital Ridesharing 194
12.4 Further Prototypes 195
12.4.1 Prototype 3: Automobility on Demand 196
12.4.2 Prototype 4: Autonomous Vehicles 200
12.4.3 Prototype 5: Shared Autonomous Automobility Services 203
12.4.4 Prototype 6: Internet of Mobility 206
12.5 [Excursus] The Smart Ways Project 214
12.6 Conclusions 217
PART III Overcoming Automobility Dependence: Policy Interventions 220
13 Part III: Introduction 220
14 Policies for Sustainable Mobility 221
14.1 Introduction 221
14.2 Push Policies 223
14.2.1 Economics of Transport Externalities 223
14.2.2 Command-and-Control Policies 227
14.2.3 Incentive-Based Policies 229
14.3 Pull Policies 231
14.3.1 Integration of Public Transport 231
14.3.2 Walking and Cycling 233
14.3.3 Innovative Alternatives and Soft Policies 235
14.3.4 Smart Policies 238
14.4 Physical Policies 240
14.4.1 City Design 241
14.4.2 Car Parking Provision 243
14.4.3 Accessibility 243
14.4.4 Mixed-use Development 244
14.4.5 Planning Regulations 245
15 Sustainable Mobility in the Context of Consistency in Transport Policy 246
15.1 Policy Combination and Integration 246
15.2 Policy Consistency 247
PART IV Transformative Literacy: Case Study City of Basel 252
16 Part IV: Introduction 252
16.1 Objectives 252
16.2 Why City of Basel? 253
16.3 Research Design, Methodology and Methods in Part IV 254
17 Case Study - City of Basel 257
17.1 Introduction 257
17.2 City of Basel 259
17.3 Transport Policy in Basel until 2010 261
17.3.1 Brief history of the Mobility in Basel 261
17.3.2 Policy Objectives until 2010 263
17.3.2.1 Parking Policy 263
17.3.2.2 Cycling Policy 264
17.3.2.3 Tram Policy 264
17.3.3 Interim Conclusions as of 2010 266
17.4 Mobility Strategy for the Future since 2010 266
17.4.1 City Initiative 266
17.4.2 Template for the City of Basel 267
17.4.3 Towards the New Vision of Transport Policy in Basel 269
17.4.3.1 Cantonal Office of Mobility 269
17.4.3.2 Definition of Transport Policy Objectives and Strategic Priorities 272
17.4.4 Integrated Policy-Making for Sustainable Mobility39 274
17.4.4.1 Conflicts and Trade-Offs 274
17.4.4.2 Ensuring Coordination and Integration 275
17.4.4.3 Stiig-Um 280
17.4.4.4 Strategic Action Plan 281
17.4.5 Monitoring, Controlling and Communication 282
17.5 Lighthouse Cases: Future of Mobility in Basel 283
17.5.1 Road Traffic: Case - Urban Traffic Management System 283
17.5.2 Parking Space: Case - Parking Regime 286
17.5.3 Walking and Cycling: Case - Commuter Fund 287
17.5.4 Public Transport: Case - Herzstück 288
17.5.5 Freight Transport: Case - Concept of Urban Freight Transport 289
17.5.6 Public Road Space: Case - Concept 30 km/h Zones 290
17.5.7 Mobility Management: Case - Basel on the Way 291
17.5.8 Mobility Pricing 292
18 Transformative Literacy for the Transition towards the Paradigm of Sustainable Mobility 294
18.1 Preliminary Considerations 294
18.1.1 Introduction 294
18.1.2 Understanding Critical Influencing Factors 294
18.1.3 Summary of Previous Research Results 296
18.1.4 Conclusions for Further Investigation 298
18.2 Transformative Literacy: Analysis of the Case - City of Basel 300
18.2.1 Remarks regarding the analysis 300
18.2.2 Technology 301
18.2.3 Economy 303
18.2.4 Society 309
18.2.5 Politics 315
18.3 Summary of the Case Study - City of Basel 320
18.3.1 Recommendations from the Case Study 320
18.3.2 Final Conclusions 322
19 Framework for Integrated Sustainable Urban Mobility 326
19.1 Towards an Integrated Framework of Sustainable Mobility 326
19.2 Framework Development 326
19.2.1 The Concept of Efficiency in Mobility 327
19.2.2 The Concept of Sufficiency in Mobility 328
19.2.3 The Concept of Consistency in Mobility 330
19.2.3.1 Background 330
19.2.3.2 Developing of Consistency in Mobility 332
19.2.3.3 The Concept of Consistency in Sustainable Mobility 335
19.3 Framework for Integrated Sustainable Urban Mobility 338
19.4 Summary 340
PART V Conclusions and Further Research 342
20 Summary of the Dissertation 342
21 Conclusions 344
22 Further Research 351
Publication Bibliography 355