Hybrid Energy Systems (eBook)

Bahman Zohuri is currently at the Galaxy Advanced Engineering, Inc. a consulting company that he stared himself in 1991 when he left both semiconductor and defense industries after many years working as a chief scientist. He is also presently holding position of Research Professor at department of Electrical and Computer at University of New Mexico. After graduating from University of Illinois in field of Physics and Applied Mathematics, he joined Westinghouse Electric Corporation where he performed thermal hydraulic analysis and natural circulation for Inherent Shutdown Heat Removal System (ISHRS) in the core of a Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) as a secondary fully inherent shut system for secondary loop heat exchange. All these designs were, used for Nuclear Safety and Reliability Engineering for Self-Actuated Shutdown System. He designed the Mercury Heat Pipe and Electromagnetic Pumps for Large Pool Concepts of LMFBR for heat rejection purpose for this reactor around 1978 where he received a patent for it. He later on was transferred to defense division of Westinghouse where he was responsible for the dynamic analysis and method of launch and handling of MX missile out of canister. He later on was consultant at Sandia National Laboratory after leaving United States Navy. Dr. Zohuri earned his Bachelor's and Master’s degrees in Physics from the University of Illinois and his second Master degree in Mechanical Engineering as well as his doctorate in Nuclear Engineering from University of New Mexico. He has been, awarded three patents, and has published 26 textbooks and numerous other journal publications.He did few years of consulting under his company Galaxy Advanced Engineering with Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), where he was supporting development of operational hazard assessments for the Air Force Safety Center (AFSC) in connection with other interest parties. Intended use of the results was their eventual inclusion in Air Force Instructions (AFIs) specifically issued for Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) operational safety. He completed the first version of a comprehensive library of detailed laser tools for Airborne Laser (ABL), Advanced Tactical Laser (ATL), Tactical High Energy Laser (THEL), Mobile/Tactical High Energy Laser (M-THEL), etc.He also was responsible on SDI computer programs involved with Battle Management C3 and artificial Intelligent, and autonomous system. He is author few publications and holds various patents such as Laser Activated Radioactive Decay and Results of Thru-Bulkhead Initiation.Recently he has published over 23 other books with Springer Publishing Company and CRC and Francis Taylor on different subjects and they all can be found under his name on Amazon.

Dedication 6
Preface 7
Acknowledgments 9
Contents 10
About the Author 15
Chapter 1: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems 17
1.1 Introduction to Hybrid Energy System 17
1.1.1 Hybrid System as Source of Renewable Energy 24
1.2 Energy Storage Systems 26
1.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 27
1.3.1 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 28
1.3.2 Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (AA-CAES) 32
1.4 Variable Electricity with Base-Load Reactor Operation 35
1.5 Why We Need Nuclear Power 42
1.5.1 The Merits of Total Transformation 43
1.5.2 The Downsides of Monoculture 45
1.5.3 The Other Zero-Carbon Energy: Nuclear 46
1.5.4 A Diverse Portfolio 49
1.6 Security of Energy Supply 50
1.7 Environmental Quality 51
References 53
Chapter 2: Cryogenic Technologies 55
2.1 Introduction 55
2.2 Low Temperature in Science and Technology 57
2.3 Defining Cryogenic Fluids or Liquids 62
2.3.1 Defining Cryogenic Fluids or Liquids 63
2.3.2 Thermophysical Properties 67
2.3.3 Liquid Boil-off 67
2.3.4 Cryogen Usage for Equipment Cooldown 68
2.3.5 Phase Domains 69
2.3.6 Personal Protective Equipment to Be Worn 70
2.3.7 Handling Cryogenic Liquids 70
2.3.8 Storing Cryogenic Liquids 71
2.3.9 Hazards of Cryogenic Liquids 71
2.3.10 General Hazards of Cryogenic Liquids 72
2.4 Heat Transfer and Thermal Design 72
2.4.1 Solid Conduction 73
2.4.2 Radiation 74
2.4.3 Convection 75
2.4.4 Gas Conduction 76
2.4.5 Multilayer Insulation 77
2.4.6 Vapor Cooling of Necks and Supports 78
2.5 Refrigeration and Liquefaction 80
2.5.1 Thermodynamics of Refrigeration 80
2.5.2 Helium Refrigerators Versus Liquefiers 82
2.5.3 Real Cycles and Refrigeration Equipment 83
2.6 Industrial Applications 86
2.6.1 Cryogenic Processing for Alloy Hardening 89
2.6.2 Cryogenic Fuels 90
2.6.3 Cryogenic Application in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) 90
2.6.4 Cryogenic Application in Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) 90
2.6.5 Cryogenic Application in Frozen Food Transport 91
2.6.6 Cryogenic Application in Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) 92
2.6.7 Cryogenic Application in Space 94
2.6.8 Cryogenic in Blood Banking, Medicine, and Surgery 96
2.6.9 Cryogenic in Manufacturing Process 98
2.6.10 Cryogenic in Recycling of Materials 99
2.7 Cryogenic Application in Research 99
2.7.1 Research Overview 99
2.7.2 Right: Lightweight, High Efficiency Cryocooler 100
2.7.3 Background 101
2.7.4 Right Liquefier Demo and Cryogenic Insulation Test Facility 101
2.8 Cryogenic Fluid Management 101
2.8.1 Benefits 102
2.9 Conclusion 102
References 103
Chapter 3: Reliable Renewables with Cryogenic Energy Storage 105
3.1 Introduction 105
3.2 Cryogenic Application in Electric Power Transmission within Big Cities 107
3.3 The Basic of Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) 109
3.4 Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) 109
3.5 Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) Characteristics 110
3.5.1 Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) a Wise Investment 111
3.6 Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) in Nuclear Power Plants 113
3.6.1 Proposed Combined Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) in Nuclear Power Plants 117
References 119
Chapter 4: Types of Renewable Energy 120
4.1 Introduction 120
4.2 What Are the Different Types of Renewable Energies? 121
4.2.1 Biomass 122
4.2.2 Solar Power 124
4.2.3 Wind Power 128
4.2.4 Tidal Power 129
4.2.5 Geothermal 130
4.3 Top Ten Renewable Energy Sources 131
4.3.1 Nuclear Power 132
4.3.2 Compressed Natural Gas 133
4.3.3 Biomass 134
4.3.4 Geothermal Power 134
4.3.5 Radiant Energy 137
4.3.6 Hydroelectricity Power Source 137
4.3.7 Wind Power 139
4.3.8 Solar Power 140
4.3.9 Wave Power 141
4.3.10 Tidal Power 142
4.4 How to Indirectly Participate in Any or All of These Sustainable Energy Solutions 143
4.5 Renewable Energy Certificates 144
4.5.1 Which Technologies Qualify for Certification? 145
4.5.2 Bottom Line on Renewable Energy Certification 146
4.6 Issues with Adoption Forms of Renewable Source of Energy 148
References 148
Chapter 5: Hydrogen Energy Technology, Renewable Source of Energy 149
5.1 Introduction 149
5.2 Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier 150
5.3 Hydrogen Fuel Cell 152
5.4 Fuel Cells 156
5.4.1 Different Types of Fuel Cells 157
5.5 The Fuel Cell Technologies 163
5.6 Fuel Cell Backup Power Systems 164
5.7 Fuel Cell Systems for Stationary Combined Heat and Power Applications 165
5.8 Fuel Cell Systems for Portable Power and Auxiliary Power Applications 165
5.9 Hydrogen Storage 166
5.9.1 Why Study Hydrogen Storage 167
5.9.2 How Hydrogen Storage Works 167
5.9.3 Research and Development Goals 168
5.9.4 Hydrogen Storage Challenges 170
5.10 Hydrogen Energy Storage 172
5.10.1 Hydrogen Production 173
5.10.2 Hydrogen Re-electrification 173
5.11 Underground Hydrogen Storage 174
5.12 Materials-Based Hydrogen Storage 175
5.12.1 Technical Targets and Status 176
5.13 Industrial Application of Hydrogen Energy 178
5.14 Electrical Energy Storage 179
5.14.1 Characteristic of Electricity 180
5.14.2 Electricity and the Roles of Electrical Energy Storages 181
5.15 Strategic Asset Management of Power Networks 184
5.16 Orchestrating Infrastructure for Sustainable Smart Cities 185
5.16.1 Smart Technology Solution Create Value 187
5.16.2 New Approach to Smart City Solution 187
5.16.3 Stakeholders Are Key Drivers to Smart City Solution 187
5.16.4 Without Integration Rising to the Level of Systems There Cannot Smart City 188
5.16.5 Horizontal and Vertical Integration a Key to Interoperability 189
5.16.6 Interoperability Is the Key to Open Markets and to Competitive Solutions 189
5.16.7 Guiding Principles and Strategic Orientation 190
References 191
Chapter 6: Energy Storage for Peak Power and Increased Revenue 194
6.1 Introduction 194
6.2 Variable Electricity and Heat Storage 196
6.3 Implications of Low-Carbon Grid and Renewables on Electricity Markets 197
6.4 Strategies for a Zero-Carbon Electricity Grid 199
6.5 Nuclear Air-Brayton Combined Cycle Strategies for Zero-Carbon Grid 199
6.6 Salt-Cooled Reactors Coupled to NACC Power System 200
6.7 Sodium-Cooled Reactors Coupled to NACC Power System 203
6.8 Power Cycle Comparisons 205
6.9 Summary 206
References 207
Chapter 7: Fission Nuclear Power Plants for Renewable Energy Source 208
7.1 Introduction 209
7.2 Electricity Markets 211
7.2.1 Global Electricity Consumption Set to Explode 216
7.2.1.1 Market Drivers 217
7.2.1.2 Market Restraints 217
7.2.1.3 Market Issues 217
7.2.1.4 Challenges 218
7.3 California and Others Are Getting It Wrong 218
7.4 Outlook for Power Generation 219
7.5 Why We Need Nuclear Power Plants 219
7.6 Is Nuclear Energy Renewable Source of Energy 221
7.6.1 Argument for Nuclear as Renewable Energy 222
7.6.2 Argument for Nuclear as Renewable Energy 223
7.6.3 Conclusion 223
References 224
Chapter 8: Energy Storage Technologies and Their Role in Renewable Integration 225
8.1 Introduction 225
8.2 The Electric Grid 228
8.3 Power Generation 235
8.4 Transmission and Distribution 236
8.5 Load Management 236
8.6 Types of Storage Technology 238
8.6.1 Kinetic Energy Storage or Flywheel Concept 242
8.6.2 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 244
8.6.3 Batteries 249
8.6.3.1 Lead-Acid Batteries 249
8.6.3.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries 252
8.6.4 Other and Future Batteries in Development 255
8.7 A Battery-Inspired Strategy for Carbon Fixation 263
8.8 Saliva-Powered Battery 265
8.9 Summary 266
References 267
Appendix A: Global Energy Interconnection 268
Introduction 268
Global Energy Challenges 270
Energy Security 270
Climate Change 271
Environmental Pollution 273
Appendix B: Grid Integration of Large Capacity 274
Introduction 274
Expanding Energy Access 277
Decarbonization 279
Appendix C: Energy Storage for Power Grids and Electric Transportation 281
Introduction 281
Energy Stage Technology 282
Energy Storage for Electric Grid Applications 284
High-Power/Rapid Discharge Applications 284
Energy Management Applications 285
Energy Storage for Transportation Applications 286
Appendix D: Coping with the Energy Challenge 289
Introduction 289
Index 294