Advances in Natural Fibre Composites (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 6
About the Editors 9
1 Potential of Hemp in Thermoplastic Biocomposites—The Effect of Fibre Structure 11
Abstract 11
Introduction 11
Materials and Methods 12
Fibres and Polymer 12
Hemp Nanomaterial Characterization 13
Plastic Processing 13
3D Paste Printing 14
Composite Characterization 14
Results 14
Visual and Morphological Results of Composite Materials 14
Results of Mechanical Tests 17
Results for Hemp Nanomaterials 18
Conclusions 20
Acknowledgements 20
References 20
2 Industrial Hemp Transformation for Composite Applications: Influence of Processing Parameters on the Fibre Properties 22
Abstract 22
Introduction 23
Materials and Methods 24
Plant Material 24
Hemp Stalks 24
Hemp Sliver Laps 25
Primary Processing of Hemp Stalks 25
Secondary Processing of Hemp Fibres 25
Tensile Characterisation of Fibres 27
Results and Discussion 28
Influence of Retting on the Tensile Properties of Fibres After Their Mechanical Extraction 28
Influence of Secondary Processing on the Tensile Properties of Fibres 31
Conclusion 33
Acknowledgements 34
References 34
3 Use of Sugar Cane Fibers for Composites—A Short Review 35
Abstract 35
Introduction 35
Sugar Cane Fibers for Composites 36
Conclusion 42
Acknowledgements 42
References 42
4 Evaluation of the Extraction Efficiency of Enzymatically Treated Flax Fibers 44
Abstract 44
Introduction 45
Materials and Methods 46
Enzymatic Treatment 46
Extraction Method 46
Evaluation of Extraction Efficiency 47
Fineness Measurement 47
Production of Composite Materials 48
Determination of Transverse Bending Properties 48
Results and Discussion 49
Evaluation of Enzymatic Treatments 49
Fineness of Extracted Fibers 50
Transverse Bending Properties of Composites 51
Conclusions 55
Acknowledgements 55
References 55
5 Influence of Coupling Agent on the Properties of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Palm Fibers 57
Abstract 57
Introduction 57
Experimental 58
Fiber’s Analysis 59
Preparation of Composites 59
Mechanical Tests 59
Results and Discussion 60
Conclusion 63
Acknowledgements 63
References 63
6 Effect of Time-Dependent Process Temperature Variation During Manufacture of Natural-Fibre Composites 66
Abstract 66
Introduction and Theoretical Background 66
Experiment 68
Results 69
Simulation and Conclusion 70
References 71
7 About Nonlinear Behavior of Unidirectional Plant Fibre Composite 73
Abstract 73
Introduction 73
Phenomenological Model 74
Discussion 78
Conclusion 81
Acknowledgements 82
References 82
8 Investigating the Transient Response of Hybrid Composite Materials Reinforced with Flax and Glass Fibres 84
Abstract 84
Introduction 84
Experimental 85
Presentation of the Materials Involved 85
Fabrication Process and the Volume Fraction Determination 86
Shock Tube Setup 86
Results and Discussion 88
Conclusion 91
References 91
9 The Response of Manicaria saccifera Natural Fabric Reinforced PLA Composites to Impact by Fragment Simulating Projectiles 92
Abstract 92
Introduction 93
Materials and Methods 94
Results and Discussion 96
Conclusions 99
References 100
10 Advances in Natural Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Manufacturing: Effect of Interface and Hybrid Yarn Structure on Composite Properties 102
Abstract 102
Introduction 102
Interface Modification and Its Effect on Composite Properties 104
Effect of Yarn Twist on Composite Properties 106
Hybrid Yarn and Its Effect on Composite Properties 107
Composites with Low Twisted Core Based Hybrid Yarn with Modified Interface 108
Conclusions 117
References 118
11 Environmental Friendly Thermoplastic Composite Laminates Reinforced with Jute Fabric 121
Abstract 121
Introduction 121
Experimental 124
Materials 124
Laminate Preparation 124
Low-Velocity Impact Tests 124
Results and Discussion 125
Conclusions 127
References 127
12 Selection Chart of Flame Retardants for Natural Fiber Polymer Composites 129
Abstract 129
Introduction 130
Experimental Work 130
Results and Conclusions 131
Conclusion 135
References 135
13 Mechanical Properties of Raffia Fibres Reinforced Geopolymer Composites 137
Abstract 137
Introduction 137
Materials and Methods 140
Results 141
Conclusions 144
Acknowledgements 145
References 145
14 Sustainable Composites Based on Pine Resin and Flax Fibre 147
Abstract 147
Introduction 147
Biocomposites Definition and Market 148
Natural Fibres Reinforcement 148
Flax Fibre 149
Matrices for Biocomposite Formulation 150
Biobased Matrices 150
Pine Resin 151
Research 152
Manufacture of Test Specimens 153
Three-Point Bending Tests 154
Design Proposals 154
Prototyping Process 156
Conclusions 158
Acknowledgements 158
References 159
15 Development and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Based Novel Multi-scale Biocomposites 160
Abstract 160
Introduction 160
Hybrid and Multi-scale Composites 160
Properties of Carbon Based Multi-scale Composites 163
Plant Fibre Based Multi-scale Composites 164
Novel Approaches for Plant Fibre Surface Modification 164
Conclusions 173
References 173
16 Investigation of Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Nanocellulose Coated Jute/Green Epoxy Composites 175
Abstract 175
Introduction 176
Materials and Methods 176
Material 176
Purification and Extraction of Nanocellulose from Waste Jute Fibers 177
Coating of Jute Fabric with Nanocellulose 178
Preparation of Composites 178
Characterization and Testing 179
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 179
Mechanical Characterization of Composites 179
Dynamic Mechanical Characterization of Composites 180
Results and Discussion 181
SEM Study of Chemically Treated Jute Fibers and Jute Cellulose Nanofibrils 181
Surface Topology of Nanocellulose Coated Fabrics 183
Tensile Properties 184
Flexural Properties 185
Fatigue Life 185
Fracture Toughness 187
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 190
Conclusion 192
Acknowledgements 192
References 192
17 The Use of Sedimentation for the Estimation of Aspect Ratios of Charged Cellulose Nanofibrils 195
Abstract 195
Introduction 195
Materials and Methods 197
Pre-treatments and Sample Preparation 197
Characterisation 198
Results and Discussion 199
Total Surface Charge 199
Fibril Morphology and Width Distribution 199
Estimation of Aspect Ratio by Gel Point Analysis 200
Conclusions 202
Acknowledgements 202
References 202
18 Electrical Conductivity of PLA Films Reinforced With Carbon Nano Particles from Waste Acrylic Fibers 204
Abstract 204
Introduction 205
Experimental 207
Material and Method 207
Stabilization and Carbonization of Acrylic Fibrous Wastes 207
Effect of Carbonization Temperature on the Properties of Activated Carbon Fibers 208
Effect of Carbonization Temperature on Electrical Conductivity 208
Preparation of Nanoparticles from Carbonized Acrylic Fibrous Wastes 209
Characterization of Activated Carbon Nanoparticles 209
Preparation of PLA Films 210
Characterization of PLA Films 210
Results and Discussions 211
Effect of Carbonization Temperature on the Properties of Activated Carbon Fibers 211
Characterization of Carbon Nano Particles 213
Characterization of PLA Films 216
Conclusions 219
References 220
19 Allocation in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Flax Fibres for the Reinforcement of Composites 222
Abstract 222
Introduction 222
Analysis 223
Discussion 228
Conclusions 229
Acknowledgements 229
Appendix 230
References 233
20 Applications of Building Insulation Products Based on Natural Wool and Hemp Fibers 235
Abstract 235
Introduction 235
FITNESs Panels Production Process 236
Row Material Supply 236
Production of Specimens 238
Production of Insulation Panels 238
Scale-Up Scenario 239
Panels’ Application Scenarios 240
Fitness Panels for Thermal and Acoustic Insulation of an External Wall 240
Fitness Panels for Internal Finishes: Walls and Ceiling 243
Conclusions 245
References 245
21 Hemp-Clay Concretes for Environmental Building—Features that Attribute to Drying, Stabilization with Lime, Water Uptake and Mechanical Strength 246
Abstract 246
Introduction 247
Materials and Methods 248
Hemp Materials 248
Binder and Stabilizer 249
Experimental Program with Clay Mortars and Plant Infusions 251
Experimental Program with Lime Stabilized Hemp-Clay Concretes 253
Results and Discussion 254
Influence of Plant Infusions on Drying of Lime Stabilized Earth Mortars and the Interaction Clay-Lime 254
Drying Kinetics of the Different Hemp Concretes 256
Capillarity Water Uptake of Lime Stabilized Hemp-Clay Concretes with de-Fibered and Whole Stem Material 257
Mechanical Results of Lime Stabilized Hemp-Clay Concretes with de-Fibered and Whole Stem Material 258
Conclusions 260
Acknowledgements 260
References 260
22 The Use of Hemp in Building Components for the Development of a Modular House in a Rural Area of Cauca—Colombia 263
Abstract 263
Introduction 263
Colombia: Background 264
Methodology 265
Properties and Benefits of Industrial Hemp 265
Hemp Construction Materials 266
Hemp Fiber Panels for Insulation 266
Hemp and Lime Bio-Composite 266
Reinforcement in Composites 268
Structural Hemp 268
Cannabis in Colombia 268
Study Area 269
Housing Needs 270
Results 271
Conclusions 271
References 275