Rubber Science (eBook)

Dr. Yuko IKEDAProfessor, Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, JapanMain research fields: Polymer chemistry, Rubber and elastomer scienceDr. Atsushi KATOSenior Engineer, Materials Analysis Department, NISSAN ARC, LTD., Yokosuka, JapanMain research fields: Polymer chemistry, Polymer physics, Polymer analysisDr. Shinzo KOHJIYAProfessor Emeritus, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanMain research fields: Rubber materials science, History of rubberDr. Yukio NAKAJIMAProfessor, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, JapanMain research field: Tire mechanics

Preface 5
Contents 7
1 Introduction to Rubber Science 11
1.1 Rubber and Elastomer 11
1.1.1 Materials and Matters 11
1.1.2 Materials Have Afforded the Grouping of the History of Us 12
1.1.3 Science on Rubbery and Elastomeric Materials 14
1.2 Natural Rubber: A Unique Biopolymer 18
1.2.1 Characteristics of Natural Rubber 18
1.2.2 Synthetic Natural Rubber? 19
1.3 Rubber and Elastomer as Amorphous Polymers 20
1.3.1 Amorphous 20
1.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature 21
1.3.3 The Age of Soft Materials and Soft Technology 21
References 25
2 Basic Science of Rubber 28
2.1 Chemistry I: Polymerization, Polymer Reaction, and In Situ Chemical Reaction 28
2.1.1 Polymerization: Synthetic Rubbers 28
2.1.2 Polymer Reaction: Chemical Modification of Rubber and Elastomer 32
2.1.3 In Situ Chemical Reaction of Rubber 33
2.2 Chemistry II: Cross-Linking Reaction 35
2.2.1 Invention and Development of Vulcanization 35
2.2.2 Organic Accelerator System for Vulcanization 38
2.2.3 Cross-Linking Reactions by Peroxides and Others 41
2.3 Physics: Rubber State and Rubber Elasticity 43
2.3.1 Rubber State 43
2.3.2 Rubber Elasticity (Entropic Elasticity) 47
2.3.3 Unique Role of Rubber in Elucidating the Nature of Macromolecule 52
2.3.4 Contribution of Rubber Elasticity Theory to Establishing Macromolecular Science 54
References 59
3 Materials Science of Rubber 63
3.1 Beginning and Development of Materials Science 63
3.2 Physical Properties of Materials 65
3.2.1 Mechanical Properties 65
3.2.2 Thermal Properties 73
3.2.3 Electrical Property 78
3.2.4 Optical Property 84
3.3 Development of Highly Functional Elastomeric Devices 93
3.3.1 High Functionality of Rubber and Elastomer 93
3.3.2 Bioactive Elastomers 95
3.3.3 Elastomers for Lithium-Ion Conduction and the Secondary Battery 98
3.4 Crystallization of Natural Rubber 100
3.4.1 Molecular Background and Analysis of Crystal Structure 100
3.4.2 Strain-Induced Crystallization: Template Crystallization 103
3.4.3 Low-Temperature Crystallization 111
3.5 Reactive Processing of Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers 115
3.5.1 Chemical Cross-Linking and Physical Cross-Linking 115
3.5.2 Rubber Processing from a Chemical Standpoint 116
3.5.3 Thermoplastic Elastomer: Elastomer Without Vulcanization? 120
3.5.4 Dynamic Vulcanizate: Thermoplastic Even with Cross-Linking? 122
References 125
4 Recent Development of Rubber Science 133
4.1 Reinforcing Nanofillers and Their Aggregation 133
4.1.1 Rubber/Nanofiller Composite 133
4.1.2 Experimental of Three-Dimensional Transmission Electron Microscopy 135
4.1.3 Elucidation of Nanofiller Network Structure in Rubber Matrix 136
4.1.4 Mechanism of Rubber Reinforcement by Nanofillers 142
4.2 Rubber Network Structure Evaluated by Scattering and Spectroscopic Methods 144
4.2.1 Vulcanization and Heterogeneity of Rubber Networks: Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scatterings 144
4.2.2 Characterization of Cross-Linked Structure by Spectroscopy 150
4.3 New Development in Vulcanization Reaction 153
4.3.1 A New Reactive Intermediate of the Vulcanization Reaction 153
4.3.2 New Paradigm of Vulcanization in the Twenty-First Century? 156
References 160
5 Pneumatic Tire Technology 163
5.1 History of Tire Technology 163
5.1.1 Invention of Wheel and Development of Rubber Tire 163
5.1.2 Invention of Pneumatic Tire and Its Development 164
5.1.3 Technological Innovation of Pneumatic Tire 169
5.2 Function of Pneumatic Tire 172
5.2.1 Four Functions of Tire 172
5.2.2 Elements in Designing Pneumatic Tire 174
5.3 Engineering Design of Pneumatic Tire 176
5.3.1 Shape Design of Tire 176
5.3.2 Structural Design of Tire 178
5.3.3 Design of Tread Pattern 180
5.4 Material Design of Pneumatic Tire 183
5.4.1 Materials for Tire 183
5.4.2 Viscoelastic Behaviors by Rubber Blending and by the End—Groups of Rubber Chains 186
5.4.3 Silica-Loaded Tire 187
5.5 Future of Automobile Tires 189
5.5.1 Social and Technical Environments Around Tire 189
5.5.2 Tire Technology in the Twenty-First Century 190
References 198
6 Rubber Science and Technics Toward the Next Century: A Prospective View 200
6.1 Sustainability and Rubber 200
6.2 Automobiles and Transportation-Network Society 203
6.3 Rubber Science and Rubber Technics of the Next Generation? 206
References 210
Appendix 213
Index 221