8th RILEM International Conference on Mechanisms of Cracking and Debonding in Pavements (eBook)

Preface 6
Organization Committee 8
Steering Committee 8
International Scientific Committee (ISC) 8
Local Organizing Committee 10
Contents 11
Cracking in Asphalt Materials: Fundamental Bituminous Material Characteristics 22
1 Cracking and Linear Visco Elastic Binder Properties 23
Abstract 23
1 Importance of Relaxation 24
2 Stiffness Range to Describe Fracture Properties 25
3 Relationships with Cracking 27
4 Conclusions 28
References 28
2 Evaluation of Fatigue Behavior of Aged Asphalt Mixtures Using the Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Model 29
Abstract 29
1 Introduction 30
2 Literature Review 30
3 Materials and Methods 31
4 Results and Discussion 31
5 Conclusions 34
References 34
3 GB5® Mix Design: A New Approach for Aggregate Grading Optimization for Heavy Duty Flexible Pavements 36
Abstract 36
1 Introduction 36
2 Materials and Methods 37
2.1 Description of Materials 37
2.2 Method and Tools 37
2.2.1 Image Analysis—Identification of Internal Structure 37
2.2.2 Mechanical Properties 39
3 Correlation Between the Internal Structure and the Mechanical Properties 39
4 Conclusion 41
References 41
4 Modelling the Hysteresis Loops of Hot Mix Asphalt 43
Abstract 43
1 Introduction 43
2 Objectives of the Study 44
3 The Bouc-Wen Model (Formulation and Identification) 44
4 Materials and Experimental Work 45
5 Results and Discussion 46
5.1 Hysteresis Loops from Phases I-III (Strategy–1) 46
5.2 Hysteresis Loops for Separated Phases (Strategy–2) 47
6 Conclusions 49
Acknowledgments 49
References 49
5 Prediction of Hot Mix Asphalt Stiffness Behavior by Means of Multiscale Modeling 51
Abstract 51
1 Introduction 52
2 Continuum Micromechanics for HMA Stiffness Characterization 52
3 Experiments 54
4 Comprehensive Validation of Model Predictions 54
5 Conclusions 55
References 56
6 Simulation of the Asymptotic Behaviour of Bituminous Mixtures Using the Discrete Element Method 57
Abstract 57
1 Introduction 58
2 Asymptotic Behaviour of the Reference Material 58
3 Assemblage of the Numerical Specimen 60
4 Testing and Measurements 61
5 Conclusions and Acknowledgments 62
References 62
7 Visco-Plastic Behavior of Bituminous Mixtures: Experiments and Modeling 64
Abstract 64
1 Introduction 65
2 The EPP Version of the DBN Model 65
3 Experimental Campaign and Simulations 66
3.1 Tested Material 66
3.2 Test Procedures 66
3.3 Experimental Results and Simulations 67
4 Conclusions 69
References 69
Cracking in Asphalt Materials: Material Crack Characterization 70
8 Effect of Fiber Grid Reinforcement on Crack Initiation and Propagation in Asphalt Concrete 71
Abstract 71
1 Introduction 71
2 Local Model for Quasi-Brittle Behavior 72
3 Numerical Results 73
3.1 V-Shaped Notched Samples 74
3.2 Fiber Reinforcement 75
4 Conclusions and Perspectives 76
References 76
9 Fracture Characterization of Grid-Reinforced Asphalt Pavements 77
Abstract 77
1 Introduction 78
2 Materials and Methods 78
3 Results and Analysis 79
3.1 Toughness Characterization of Fracture Behavior 81
4 Conclusions 82
References 82
10 Impact of Loading Rate and Temperature on Tensile Strength of Asphalt Mixtures at Low Temperatures 84
Abstract 84
1 Introduction 85
2 Materials and Specimen Preparation 85
3 Test Methods and Test Program 86
4 Results and Discussion 86
5 Summary and Conclusions 89
References 89
11 Numerical Correlation Between Low Temperature SCB Fracture and IDT Strength of Asphalt Mixture Using FEM Analysis 90
Abstract 90
1 Introduction 90
2 Materials and Testing 91
3 Tests Results and FE Simulation 92
4 Summary and Conclusions 95
Acknowledgements 95
References 95
12 A Study of Longitudinal Crack Which Occurs to the Surface of Asphalt Pavement by Wheel Tracking Test 96
Abstract 96
1 Introduction 97
2 Simulating Longitudinal Cracking Using Wheel Tracking Tests 97
2.1 Test Conditions 97
2.2 Test Results 98
2.3 Measurement of Strain in Specimens 99
3 Evaluation of Stress Relaxation by Compaction Testing 99
3.1 Test Method 100
3.2 Test Results 100
4 Conclusions 101
References 101
13 Effect of Ageing and Water Action on the Cracking Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures 103
Abstract 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Methodology 104
3 Results and Discussion 105
4 Conclusions 107
Acknowledgements 108
References 108
14 Effect of Stress Singularity on the Scaling Law of Asphalt Mixture Strength at Low Temperature 110
Abstract 110
1 Introduction 110
2 Generalized Size Effect Law 111
3 Materials and Testing 113
4 Results and Size Effect Analysis 114
5 Summary and Conclusions 115
References 116
15 Analysis of Cracking Resistance of Bituminous Mixtures Under Monotonic and Cyclic Loads 117
Abstract 117
1 Introduction 117
2 Test Methods 118
3 Materials 118
4 Results 119
5 Conclusions 122
References 122
16 Effects of Ageing on Warm Mix Asphalts with High Rates of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement 124
Abstract 124
1 Introduction 125
2 Methodology 125
3 Analysis of Results 127
4 Conclusions 129
References 129
17 Fracture Energy Evaluation of “Interstitial Asphalt Mixtures” 130
Abstract 130
1 Introduction 131
2 DASR-IC Model 131
2.1 Research Approach 132
2.1.1 Test Results 133
3 Future Implementations: The IC Dog-Bone Model 134
4 Conclusions 135
References 135
18 Significance of Oxidative Aging on the Thermal Cracking Predictions in Asphalt Concrete Pavements 137
Abstract 137
1 Introduction 138
2 Comprehensive Thermal Cracking Model 138
3 Thermal Cracking Analysis for Selective Asphalt Mixes 140
4 Summary and Conclusion 142
References 142
19 Viscoelastic Properties of Bituminous Composites Using Multiscale Heterogeneous Numerical Simulation and Micromechanical Analytical Self-consistent Model 143
Abstract 143
1 Introduction 144
2 Numerical and Analytical Upscaling Method 145
3 Results and Discussions 146
4 Conclusion 148
References 148
20 Low Temperature Cracking Problem for Asphalt Pavements in Kazakhstan 149
Abstract 149
1 Introduction 149
2 Stiffness and Relaxation Modulus of Bitumen 150
3 Stiffness and Tensile Strength of Asphalt Concrete 152
4 Thermal Stresses and Critical Temperature 153
5 Conclusions 154
References 154
21 Research of Cracks Formation at Transport Facilities of Azerbaijan 155
Abstract 155
1 Introduction 156
2 Field Research 156
3 Laboratory Research of Bitumen 157
4 Investigation of Asphalt Cores 159
5 Suggestions to Avoid Cracks Formation and Propagation on Asphalt Pavement on the Azerbaijani Studied Facilities 160
References 161
Cracking in Asphalt Materials: Material Crack Propagation 162
22 Crack Evolution of Asphalt Mixtures Under Compressive Monotonic and Repeated Loads 163
Abstract 163
1 Introduction 164
2 Crack Evolution Models for Asphalt Mixtures 164
3 Laboratory Tests and Results 166
4 Conclusions 169
References 169
23 A Simple Fracture Model for Hot Mix Asphalt Based on Fundamental Fatigue Parameters 171
Abstract 171
1 Introduction 171
2 Objective of Study 172
3 Dissipated Energy Fracture Model Calculations 172
4 Materials and Experimental Works 174
5 Results and Discussion 174
5.1 Relaxation Test and Dissipated Pseudo-strain Energy 174
5.2 Fracture Damage 175
6 Conclusions 177
Acknowledgements 177
References 177
24 Low Temperature Cracking Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Rubber Bitumen Pellets 178
Abstract 178
1 Introduction 179
2 Materials and Specimen Preparation 179
3 Experimental Work 180
4 Results and Discussions 181
4.1 Fracture Properties 181
4.2 Crack Propagation 182
5 Conclusions 183
References 183
25 Reinforcement of a Cracked Steel Plate Using CFRP Bonding 184
Abstract 184
1 Introduction 185
2 Testing Details 185
3 Results and Discussions 187
4 Conclusions 189
References 189
26 Characterizing Non-linear Fatigue Crack Growth and Size Effect in Plain Concrete Beams with a Hybrid Effective Crack and Cohesive Zone Model 191
Abstract 191
1 Introduction 191
2 Model Framework 192
3 Experimental Program 194
3.1 Materials 194
3.2 Notched Three Point Bending Tests 194
4 Experimental Results 195
5 Conclusion 197
References 197
27 A New Approach for the Study of Fatigue Cracking Phenomenon in Bituminous Mixtures 199
Abstract 199
1 Introduction 199
2 Previous Considerations 200
3 Description of the New Approach 201
4 Conclusions 204
References 204
28 Bump Formation on a Semi-Rigid Pavement: Interpretation and Modeling Using the Thick Level Set (TLS) Approach for Damage Growth 205
Abstract 205
1 Introduction and Context of the Disorders Observed 206
2 Response of the Pavement to Initial Compressive Stress Using a Simple Beam Theory 207
3 Analysis Using the TLS Approach 208
4 Conclusion 210
References 211
29 Modelling of the Fatigue Damage of Geogrid Reinforced Asphalt Concrete 212
Abstract 212
1 Introduction 213
2 Materials and Experimental Background 213
3 Bodin Model 214
4 Modelling 215
5 Conclusion and Perspectives 216
References 217
30 Predicting the Performance of SAMI Systems 218
Abstract 218
1 Introduction 219
2 Review of Experience from Site 219
3 Computational Approach Taken 219
4 Calibration/Validation/Utilisation 222
5 Conclusion 223
References 223
31 Reflective Cracking in Asphalt Overlays Reinforced with Geotextiles 224
Abstract 224
1 Introduction and Motivation 225
2 Dissipated Energy Theory 225
2.1 Texas Overlay Test 226
3 Test Methods 227
4 Results 228
5 Conclusions and Recommendations 230
References 230
Cracking in Asphalt Materials: Thermal Crack Mechanisms 232
32 Understanding the Effects of Ageing and Temperature on the Fatigue Cracking Resistance of Bituminous Mixtures 233
Abstract 233
1 Introduction 233
2 Methodology 234
2.1 Materials 234
2.2 Testing Plan 235
3 Analysis of Results 237
4 Conclusions 238
References 238
33 Multiplicative Viscoelastic-Viscoplastic Damage-Healing Model for Asphalt-Concrete Materials 239
Abstract 239
1 Introduction 239
2 Kinematics 240
3 Evolution Equations of the Dissipative Process 241
4 Numerical Results and Future Works 243
References 244
34 Self-Healing of Dense Asphalt Concrete by Two Different Approaches: Electromagnetic Induction and Infrared Radiation 245
Abstract 245
1 Introduction 246
2 Materials and Methods 246
2.1 Materials 246
2.2 Specimen’s Preparation 246
2.3 Mechanical Tests 247
3 Results 248
4 Conclusions 250
Acknowledgements 250
References 250
35 Mechanisms in Healing of Bitumen and the Impact of Normal Force 251
Abstract 251
1 Introduction 251
2 Healing Model 252
2.1 Conceptual Healing Model 252
2.2 Mathematical Healing Model 253
3 Direct Tensile Test to Asses Healing 254
4 Test Program and Results 255
5 Discussion, Conclusion and Outlook 255
References 256
36 Assessment of Healing Properties of Asphalt Mixtures 257
Abstract 257
1 Introduction 257
2 Material Composition 258
3 Healing Index 258
4 Healing Index Validation 261
5 Conclusions 262
References 262
Cracking in Asphalt Materials: Material Crack Performance 263
37 Cracking Performance of Lower Asphalt Binder Coarse Hot Mix Asphalt Mixes 264
Abstract 264
1 Introduction and Background 265
2 Pavement Section Cracking Performance 265
3 Material Properties 266
4 Summary of Findings and Conclusion 270
References 270
38 Combined Effect of SBS and Devulcanized Rubber (DVR) Modification on Performance Grade and Fatigue Cracking Resistance of Asphalt Binders 271
Abstract 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Objective and Scope 272
3 Sample Preparation and Testing 273
4 Results of Performance Grade (PG) Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) Tests 273
5 Conclusions 275
References 276
39 Determining the Allowable Content of RAP in HMA with Regard to Fatigue Resistance 277
Abstract 277
1 Introduction 278
2 Background 278
3 Experimental Program and Materials Used 279
4 Determination of the Allowable Percentage of RAP Binder Without Compromising the Fatigue Resistance 280
5 Validation of the Test Procedure 281
6 Conclusions 282
References 282
40 Effect of Bitumen Type and Content on the Cracking Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures at Different Temperatures 284
Abstract 284
1 Introduction 285
2 Methodology 285
3 Results and Discussion 286
3.1 Tensile Stiffness Index (TSI) 286
3.2 Fracture Energy (GD) 288
3.3 Toughness Index (TI) 288
3.4 Displacement at 50 % of Post-Peak Load 289
4 Conclusions 290
References 290
41 Effects of Recycled Shingle and Virgin Asphalt Binder Mixing on Mixture Performance 291
Abstract 291
1 Introduction 292
2 Materials and Testing Methods 292
3 Hamburg Wheel Tracking Results 293
4 DCT Test Results 294
5 Hamburg-DCT Plot Results 295
6 Concluding Remarks 296
References 296
42 Impact of Additives on the Cracking Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures 298
Abstract 298
1 Introduction 298
2 Impact of WMA Additive on Aggregate Type 299
2.1 Resistance to Fatigue Cracking 299
2.2 Resistance to Thermal Cracking 301
3 Impact of WMA Additives on Modified Asphalt Mixtures 301
4 Summary and Recommendations 304
References 304
43 Mixture and Production Parameters Affecting Cracking Performance of Mixtures with RAP and RAS 306
Abstract 306
1 Introduction 306
2 Materials and Testing 307
3 Results and Discussion 308
4 Conclusion 311
References 311
44 Shrinkage Characteristics of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortar with SAP 312
Abstract 312
1 Introduction 313
2 Material Results and Discussion 313
3 Result and Discussion 315
4 Conclusion 317
Acknowledgements 317
References 317
45 The Impact of Homogeneity of High Modulus Asphalt Concrete Layer on Low-Temperature Cracking 318
Abstract 318
1 Introduction 319
2 Field Investigation 319
3 Laboratory Tests 320
4 Relationships Between Mix Properties and Cracking Index 322
5 Conclusions 324
References 324
46 The Influence Mineral Additions on the Failure Properties of Bitumen Emulsion Mortars 326
Abstract 326
1 Introduction 327
2 Experimental Program 327
2.1 Materials 327
2.2 Testing Methods 328
2.3 Testing Program 328
3 Results and Analysis 329
3.1 Indirect Tensile Strength 329
3.2 Resistance to Crack Propagation 330
4 Conclusion 331
References 331
Cracking in Asphalt Materials: Structural Crack Characterisation 333
47 Influence of SAMI on the Performance of Reinforcement Grids 334
Abstract 334
1 Introduction 335
2 Experimental Procedure 336
3 Results 337
3.1 Surface Cracking 337
3.2 Rutting Performance 338
4 Summary and Conclusions 339
References 339
48 Investigating SAMI System Performance Through Pilot-Scale Testing 340
Abstract 340
1 Introduction 341
2 Materials Used 341
3 Behaviour Under Trafficking 341
4 Including the Effect of Thermal Action 343
5 Conclusion 345
References 345
49 Fast and Easy Road Renovation Through a Steel Based Anti-reflective Cracking Interlayer for Asphalt Overlays 346
Abstract 346
1 Introduction 346
2 Product Definition 347
3 Installation 348
4 Performance 350
5 Conclusions 351
References 351
50 Reflective Cracking Included into Routine Design of New Asphaltic Pavements 352
Abstract 352
1 Introduction 353
2 Temperature Analyses 353
3 Traffic Load Analyses 355
4 Design Life Determination 357
5 Conclusions 357
References 358
51 M4-5n Numerical Solution Using the Mixed FEM, Validation Against the Finite Difference Method 359
Abstract 359
1 Introduction 360
2 The Mixed FEM to Solve the M4-5n Equations 361
3 Example of 2D Cracked Pavement Structure 361
4 Results and Validation 364
5 Conclusion 365
References 365
Cracking in Asphalt Materials: Pavement Fatigue Performance 366
52 A Comprehensive Study About Stresses in Upside-Down Pavements 367
Abstract 367
1 Background 367
2 Experimental Program 368
3 Results and Findings 369
3.1 Effect of Variables in Mean Terms 369
3.2 Effects of Isolated Variable 371
4 Conclusions 372
References 372
53 Developing an Indicator for Fatigue Cracking in Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements Using Viscoelastic Continuum Damage Principles 374
Abstract 374
1 Introduction 375
2 Objectives 375
3 Materials and Methods 376
4 Results 376
5 Conclusions 379
Acknowledgements 379
References 379
54 Effect of Heavy Traffic Loading on Predicted Pavement Fatigue Life 381
Abstract 381
1 Introduction 382
2 Truck Traffic Characterization 383
3 Mechanics-Based Analysis and Design Framework 383
4 Results and Discussion 384
5 Conclusions and Recommendations 385
Acknowledgements 386
References 386
55 Effect of Temperature and Traffic Speed on the Asphalt Moduli for Fatigue Cracking and Pavement Structural Design Considerations 388
Abstract 388
1 Introduction 389
2 Methodology 389
2.1 Equivalent Asphalt Modulus and Calculation Principle 389
2.2 Pavement Configurations Examined 390
3 Results 391
4 Traffic Speed Versus Laboratory Testing Frequency Relationship 392
5 Conclusion 393
References 393
56 Flexural Properties of Cemented Granular Materials for Pavement Design 394
Abstract 394
1 Background 395
2 Experimental Program 395
2.1 Materials and Specimens 395
2.2 Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus 396
3 Test Results and Discussion 397
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 398
Acknowledgements 399
References 399
57 Mechanistic Evaluation of the Long Term Performance Characteristics of Warm Mix Additives in Modified Asphalt Mixtures 401
Abstract 401
1 Introduction 401
2 Mix Designs 402
3 Mechanistic Analysis 403
4 Summary and Conclusions 406
References 406
58 Performance Assessment of JPCP and CRCP Rigid Pavements Implementing M-E Analysis 407
Abstract 407
1 Introduction 408
2 Performance Parameters, Limits and Reliability 408
3 Pavement Sections Optimization 409
4 Evaluation of Effects Induced by the Design Parameters 410
5 Conclusions 413
References 413
59 Weak Interlayers Found in Flexible and Semi-flexible Road Pavements 414
Abstract 414
1 Introduction 415
2 Full-Scale HVS Tests on Pavements 415
3 Crushing Failure Mechanism: Cemented Base Pavements 416
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 419
Acknowledgements 419
References 419
60 EME2 Fatigue Properties and Pavement Design in a Sub-tropical Climate 420
Abstract 420
1 Background 420
2 Pavement Temperatures Under Queensland Climatic Conditions 421
3 Calculation of the Allowable Strain at Different Temperatures 422
3.1 Laboratory Validation of the Fatigue Properties at Different Temperatures 423
3.2 Calculation of the Fatigue Damage 424
4 Conclusions 425
References 425
61 Comparative Assessment of Pavement Fatigue Life Prediction Approaches for Use in Performance Based Specification 426
Abstract 426
1 Introduction 427
2 Materials and Testing 427
3 Results 428
4 Pavement Evaluation 429
5 Conclusions 431
Acknowledgment 432
References 432
62 Coupling a Multi-linear Fatigue Model and a Pavement Model to Estimate Truck Aggressiveness 433
Abstract 433
1 Introduction 434
2 The Multi-linear Fatigue Life Model and Its Coupling with a Pavement Model 434
3 Effect of Loading Variables and Truck Configurations on the Fatigue Life 435
4 Conclusions 438
References 438
63 Prediction of Thermally-Induced Reflective Cracking Using Full-Scale Test Data 440
Abstract 440
1 Introduction 440
2 Objective 441
3 Test Overlays, Instrumentation, and Data 441
4 Fatigue Life Prediction 441
5 Validation Study 443
6 Conclusions and Recommendations 445
References 445
Interface Debonding Behavior: Bond Characterization 446
64 Influence of Specimen Dimension and Test Speed on the Shear Strength of Bituminous Interfaces 447
Abstract 447
1 Introduction 448
2 Experimental Program 448
2.1 Materials 448
2.2 Testing Method 448
2.3 Testing Program 450
3 Result and Analysis 450
4 Conclusions 452
References 452
65 Investigation of the Impact of Conditions of Application of Tack Coats on the Interlayer Bond Strength 454
Abstract 454
1 Introduction and Objective 455
2 Shear Bond Test 455
3 Test Site and Measurements on Site 456
4 Results of Shear Bond Tests and Discussion 457
5 Conclusions 458
References 459
66 Damage Modeling of Asphaltic Pavement Rough Interfaces Under Tensile and Shear Loading 460
Abstract 460
1 Introduction 461
2 Interface Damage Model 461
3 Simulations and Results of Interface Damage Model 463
4 Conclusion 465
References 465
67 Effect of Reinforced Asphalt Pavements on Reflective Crack Propagation and Interlayer Bonding Performance 467
Abstract 467
1 Introduction 468
2 Material and Sample Preparation 468
3 Reflective Crack Testing 469
3.1 Laboratory Testing 469
3.2 In Situ Testing 469
4 Interlayer Bond Testing 470
5 Results 470
5.1 Reflective Cracking MMLS3 470
5.2 Reflective Cracking MLS10 470
5.3 Interlayer Bond Testing 471
6 Conclusions 472
References 472
68 Role of Concrete-Asphalt Interface in Bonded Concrete Overlays of Asphalt Pavements 473
Abstract 473
1 Introduction 474
2 Research Approach 474
3 Analysis of Laboratory Results 475
4 Conclusions 477
Acknowledgements 478
References 478
69 Adhesion Between Asphalt Layers Through the Leutner Shear Test 479
Abstract 479
1 Introduction 480
2 Materials 480
3 Experimental Test Site 481
4 Testing Procedure 481
5 Results and Discussion 482
6 Conclusions 483
Acknowledgements 484
References 484
70 Advanced Characterisation Methods for Interface Shear Resistance for Airport Overlays 485
Abstract 485
1 Introduction 485
2 Background 486
3 Developed Test Methods 488
3.1 Monotonic Test Method 488
3.2 Repeated Load Test Method 489
3.3 Application 489
4 Conclusions 490
References 490
71 Analysis of the Draft European Standard on Interlayer Bonding and Understanding of the Influencing Factors 491
Abstract 491
1 Context of Study 492
2 Literature Review 492
3 Experimental Approach 493
3.1 Parameters Setting and Choice of Taguchi Table 493
3.2 Specimens Preparation and Experimental Set-up 494
4 Analysis of Results 494
4.1 Precision 494
4.2 Comparison of the Type of Loading 495
4.3 Influence of Parameters and Analysis of Variance 495
5 Conclusion and Prospects 496
References 496
72 Comparative Analysis of Interlayer Bonding Behaviour of Different Types of Pavement Interfaces 497
Abstract 497
1 Introduction 497
2 Materials and Methods 498
3 Results and Discussion 500
4 Conclusions 502
Acknowlegments 502
References 502
73 Investigation of Bond Between Asphalt Layers in Flexible Pavement 503
Abstract 503
1 Introduction 504
2 Experimental Program 505
2.1 Test Matrix 505
2.2 Materials and Samples Preparation 505
2.3 Test Procedure 505
3 Results and Analysis 506
4 Influences of Interface Bond on Premature Failures 507
5 Conclusions 508
References 509
74 Performance-Based Test Regime for High Friction Surfacing Systems on Asphalt Pavements 510
Abstract 510
1 Introduction 510
2 Materials and Methodology 512
2.1 Materials 512
2.1.1 Pavement Substrates 512
2.1.2 High-Friction Surfacing Systems 512
2.2 Test Methods 513
2.2.1 Pull-off Test 513
2.2.2 Tensile Test 513
3 Results and Discussions 513
4 Conclusions 515
Acknowledgements 515
References 515
75 Round Robin Tests on Reflective Cracking Laboratory Tools 516
Abstract 516
1 Introduction 517
2 Comparison of Two Reflective Cracking Laboratory Tests 517
2.1 Fabrication of Specimens 517
2.2 Test Principles 519
3 Round Robin Tests 519
3.1 Experimental Programs 520
3.2 Tests Results 520
4 Conclusion 521
References 521
76 The Effect of Interface Bonding Criterion on Pavement Design Reinforcement 523
Abstract 523
1 Introduction 524
2 Field Condition and Data Collection 524
3 Data Analysis and Pavement Design 525
4 Conclusions 528
References 528
Interface Debonding Behavior: Debonding Mechanisms (Bituminous Interface) 529
77 Development of a Pull-off Test to Measure the Bond Strength of Bituminous Emulsions 530
Abstract 530
1 Introduction 531
2 Materials and Test Methods 532
2.1 Description of BRRC’s Pull-off Test 532
2.2 Description of the Direct Tensile Test on Asphalt Specimens Used for Validation (LAMI Test) 533
3 Results 534
4 Conclusion 535
Acknowledgements 535
References 535
78 Debonding in Airfield Pavement Hot Mix Asphalt Layers 537
Abstract 537
1 Introduction 538
2 HMA Delamination Under Full-Scale APT at NAPTF 539
3 HMA Delamination and Slippage at EWR Airport 539
4 Summary 542
Acknowledgements 542
References 542
79 Impact of New High Inflation Pressure Aircraft Tyres on Asphalt Overlay Interface Debonding 543
Abstract 543
1 Introduction 543
2 Research Methods 544
2.1 Inputs 544
2.2 General Stress Distributions 546
2.3 Calculated OSS at the Interface 547
2.4 Impact of Tyre Inflation Pressure on Interface Debonding 547
3 Conclusions 548
References 548
80 Localized Debonding as a Potential Mechanism for Near-Surface Cracking 549
Abstract 549
1 Introduction 549
2 Objectives 551
3 Identification of Critical Location for Onset of Debonding 551
4 Evaluation of the Effect of Interface Conditions on Stress Redistribution 553
5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research 554
References 554
81 Experimental Evidence of the Viscoelastic Behavior of Interfaces in Bituminous Pavements—An Explanation to Top-Down Cracking? 555
Abstract 555
1 Introduction 556
2 Experimental Context 556
3 Pavement Modeling 557
3.1 Model Assumptions and Material Properties 557
3.2 Comparison Between the Strain Measurements and the Simulation Results 557
4 Application: Stress/Strain Calculations in the Surface Layer of Thick Pavements 559
5 Conclusions 560
References 560
82 Experimental Characterization of the Interface Damage Between Bituminous Layers: From the Interphase to the Interface Properties 561
Abstract 561
1 Introduction 562
2 Materials and Methods 562
3 Data Analysis 563
4 Conclusions 566
References 566
83 Moisture-Induced Debonding Mechanisms in Asphalt Mixtures 568
Abstract 568
1 Introduction 569
2 Materials and Methods 569
2.1 Specimen Preparation and Moisture Conditioning 569
2.2 Pull-off Tensile and Direct Tensile Tests 570
3 Results and Discussion 571
3.1 Moisture Absorption, Pull-off Tensile, and Direct Tensile Tests 571
4 Conclusions 573
References 573
Interface Debonding Behavior: Debonding Mechanisms (Various Interfaces) 575
84 Is Debonding in Concrete Pavements Unavoidable? 576
Abstract 576
1 Introduction 576
2 Factors Influencing Bond 577
3 Fatigue Tests 577
4 Long-Term Field Tests on Bond 580
5 Concluding Remarks 581
References 581
85 Durability of FRP to Concrete Bonded Interface Under Accelerated Ageing 582
Abstract 582
1 Introduction 583
2 Experimental Program 583
2.1 Double Shear Test Experiments 583
2.1.1 Principle of the Double-Shear Test 583
2.1.2 Double-Shear Test Specimens 584
2.2 Characterization of the Constitutive Materials 584
2.3 Ageing Conditions 585
3 Experimental Results and Discussions 585
4 Conclusion 587
References 587
86 Mixed-Mode Debonding Approach to Evaluate Water Sensibility in Bi-Layer Composite Pavement 589
Abstract 589
1 Introduction 589
2 Theoretical Characterization of the Bond During the 4PB Test 590
3 First Test Results and Discussion 591
4 Conclusion 593
References 594
87 Effect of Incorporating Rubber Aggregates and Fiber Reinforcement on the Durability of Thin Bonded Cement-Based Overlays 595
Abstract 595
1 Introduction 596
2 Experimental Methodology 596
3 Results and Discussion 598
3.1 Compressive Test 598
3.2 Tensile Test 599
4 Conclusions 601
References 601
88 Debonding Mechanism of Bonded Concrete Overlay According to Horizontal Traffic Loading 602
Abstract 602
1 Introduction 603
2 Bonded Concrete Overlay Modeling for a FE Analysis 604
2.1 Modeling of Bonded Concrete Overlay 604
2.2 Material Properties for FE Analysis 605
2.3 Horizontal Traffic Loading Conditions 605
3 Evaluation of Bond Stresses According to Horizontal Loading 606
3.1 Horizontal Shear Stress with Various Conditions for FE Analysis 606
3.2 Debonding Effects by Horizontal Shear Stress 606
4 Conclusions 607
Acknowledgement 607
References 607
89 Study of Delamination and Cracking of Multilayered Systems Used as Waterproofing and Wearing Course Solutions for Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks: 10 Years Feedback 609
Abstract 609
1 Introduction 610
2 Test Description 610
3 Study Issue 611
4 Test Modeling 611
5 Modeling Results and Analysis 612
6 Conclusion 613
References 614
90 Effect of Hydrodemolition and Cutting Diameter of Pull-off Test on the Bond Strength of LMC Bridge Deck Pavement 615
Abstract 615
1 Introduction 615
2 Experimental Program 616
2.1 Concrete Mixtures 616
2.2 Concrete Slabs 617
2.3 Hydrodemolition and Other Surface Preparations 617
2.4 Pull-off Test 617
3 Experimental Results and Discussions 618
3.1 Effect of Hydrodemolition 618
3.2 Effect of Core Cutting Diameter 619
4 Conclusions 620
References 620
Advanced Measurement Systems for Crack Characterization: Advance Measurements 621
91 Instrumentation of Large Scale Direct Shear Test to Study the Progressive Failure of Concrete/Rock Interface 622
Abstract 622
1 Introduction 623
2 The Large-Scale Shear Test Apparatus 623
3 Large Scale Direct Shear Test 624
3.1 Sample Description 624
3.2 Instrumentations 625
3.3 Test Procedure 625
4 Test Results and Analysis 626
5 Conclusion 627
References 628
92 Assessment of Low-Temperature Cracking in Asphalt Concrete Pavements Using an Acoustic Emission Approach 629
Abstract 629
1 Introduction 630
2 Experimentation 631
2.1 Acoustic Emission Testing Setup 631
3 Experimental Results 632
3.1 Acoustic Emission Test Results of Asphalt Binders 632
3.2 Acoustic Emission Results of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures 632
4 Conclusions 634
Acknowledgements 634
References 634
93 Damage Detection in Pavement Structures Using Self-powered Sensors 636
Abstract 636
1 Introduction 637
2 The Proposed Pavement Health Monitoring System 637
2.1 Finite Element Modeling and Laboratory Testing 638
3 Damage Detection Using Smart Sensing Technology 640
4 Conclusions 641
References 642
94 Detection and Survey of Interface Defects Within a Pavement Structure with Ultrasonic Pulse Echo 643
Abstract 643
1 Introduction 643
2 Description of the Full Scale Experiment 644
3 Loading and Monotoring 645
4 Application of the UPE 647
5 Conclusions and Outlooks 648
References 648
95 Investigation of Energy-Based Crack Initiation Threshold from Meso-Scale Asphalt Concrete Response 649
Abstract 649
1 Introduction 650
2 X-ray Computed Tomography and Image Processing 651
3 Numerical Simulation 652
3.1 Damage and Crack Initiation Criteria 652
3.2 Effect of Varying Deformation Rates on Crack Initiation 653
4 Conclusions 654
References 654
96 Mechanical Behavior of Asphalt Mixture Based on X-ray Computed Tomography Images and Random Generation of Aggregates Skeleton 656
Abstract 656
1 Introduction 657
2 Material Description and Characteristics 658
3 Microstructure Acquisitions and Digital Sample Generation 658
3.1 X-ray Tomography and Particle Acquisition 658
3.2 Random Generation of Aggregate Skeleton 659
4 Numerical Results for Asphalt Mixture at Global and Local Sale 660
5 Conclusion 662
References 662
Advanced Measurement Systems for Crack Characterization: Optical Measurements 664
97 Determination of Asphalt Pavements Fracture Parameters Using Optical Approaches 665
Abstract 665
1 Introduction 666
1.1 Crack Relative Displacement Factor 666
2 Materials and Methods 667
3 Results 669
4 Conclusion 670
References 670
98 Applying a Full-Field Measurement Technique to Study the Mechanical Behavior of Asphalt Mixtures 672
Abstract 672
1 Introduction 673
2 Tested Specimens and Measurement Technique 674
3 Results 674
3.1 Global Response 675
3.2 Local Response 676
4 Conclusion and Perspectives 677
Acknowledgments 677
References 677
99 Application of a Coupled Digital Image Correlation and Discrete Element Method Approach to Model Low Temperature Asphalt Concrete Fracture 679
Abstract 679
1 Introduction 680
2 Experimental and Optimization Procedure 680
3 Results 682
4 Concluding Remarks 684
References 684
100 Automatic Crack Detection on Pavement Images for Monitoring Road Surface Conditions—Some Results from the Collaborative FP7 TRIMM Project 685
Abstract 685
1 Introduction 686
2 Developments 686
3 Testing Methodology 687
4 Results 688
5 Conclusion and Perspectives 690
References 690
101 Digital Image Correlation to Monitor Cracking and Induction Healing of Asphalt Roads 691
Abstract 691
1 Introduction 692
2 Materials and Experimental Setup 692
3 Results and Discussion 694
4 Conclusions 696
References 696
102 Digitized Measurement of the Cracking Index on the Facings of Concrete Structures 697
Abstract 697
1 Introduction 698
2 Basis on the Manual Measurement of the Cracking Index 698
3 Digitized Measurement of the Cracking Index 699
4 First Results 700
5 Full Surface Scanning Method 701
6 Conclusion and Perspectives 702
References 702
103 Monitoring of Debonding or Cracking in Bending Tests by Virtual Image Correlation 704
Abstract 704
1 The Delamination Between Concrete and Asphalt 704
2 The Virtual Image Correlation Technique 705
3 The VIC Applied to the Delamination Measurement 707
4 Conclusion 709
References 709
Advanced Measurement Systems for Crack Characterization: Field Measurements and Back Calculations 711
104 Progress in Monitoring the Debonding Within Pavement Structures During Accelerated Pavement Testing on the Fatigue Carousel 712
Abstract 712
1 Introduction 712
2 Test-Site 713
3 Radar NDT& E Techniques
4 GPR Data Modelling and Processing Techniques 715
5 Conclusion and Perspectives 717
References 717
105 Relative Near Surface Pavement Performance for Dual and Wide-Base Tyre Assemblies Using a Finite Element Method 719
Abstract 719
1 Introduction 720
2 Objectives 720
3 Method 720
4 Results 722
5 Discussion 723
6 Conclusion 723
Acknowledgements 723
References 724
106 Assessment of HWD Ability to Detect Debonding of Pavement Layer Interfaces 725
Abstract 725
1 Experimentation Presentation 726
2 Qualitative Approach 726
3 Numerical Analysis 727
3.1 Modeling 727
3.2 Backcalculation 728
3.3 Forward Calculation Results 729
4 Conclusion and Future Work 730
References 731
Author Index 732