Internet of Things: Novel Advances and Envisioned Applications (eBook)

Preface 7
Acknowledgements 12
Contents 13
Contributors 15
Acronyms 17
Part I Fundamentals and Architecture of Internet of Things 21
Relay Technology for 5G Networks and IoT Applications 22
1 Introduction 22
2 Relay Classification 23
2.1 Classification Based on Layers 23
2.2 Classification Based on Duplexing Schemes 24
2.3 Classification Based on Resources Assignment 26
2.4 3GPP Classification 26
3 Potential Benefits of Relaying 27
3.1 Relay to Improve Channel Reliability 27
3.2 Relay to Improve System Throughput 28
3.3 Relay to Improve Service Continuity 28
3.4 Relay for Offloading and Load Sharing 29
3.5 Relay to Reduce Operational Costs 29
4 Relay Deployment Strategies in 5G Networks 30
4.1 Multi-hop Relay 30
4.2 Mobile Relay 31
4.3 Heterogeneous Relay 32
4.4 Relay Aassisted D2D Communication 33
4.5 Multiple Backhaul Relay 33
5 Future Challenges and Research Directions 34
5.1 Radio Resource Allocation 34
5.2 Power Control 36
5.3 Admission Control 36
5.4 Relay Selection 37
5.5 Handoff 37
5.6 Routing 38
6 Fog Computing and Video Streaming Applications 39
6.1 Fog Computing Paradigm 39
6.2 Video Streaming Application 40
6.3 Simulation and Results 41
7 Conclusion 44
References 44
Two-Way Authentication for the Internet-of-Things 46
1 Introduction 47
2 Background Information 49
2.1 Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet-of-Thing 50
2.2 Security Solutions for Wireless Sensor Networks 52
3 A Standard-Based End-to-End Security Architecture 53
4 DTLS Solution for Resource-Full Devices 55
4.1 DTLS Protected Message Structure 55
4.2 Certificate Structure 56
4.3 DTLS Handshake Assumption 57
4.4 Security Considerations for DTLS Handshake 58
5 Evaluation 60
5.1 Data Transfer Latency 61
5.2 Handshake Latency 62
5.3 Memory Consumption 65
5.4 Energy Consumption 66
5.5 Comparison to Related Work 70
6 Conclusion 72
References 73
Mobility Support and Service Discovery for Industrial Process Monitoring 76
1 Introduction 77
2 State of the Art 78
2.1 Wireless Sensor Networks 78
2.2 Industrial Middleware 81
3 The OCARI Wireless Sensor Network 82
3.1 Mobility Support 84
4 The OPC-UA/ROSA Middleware 90
4.1 The ROSA Overlay Network 91
4.2 The Link Between OPC-UA and ROSA 92
4.3 The Link Between OCARI and OPC-UA 93
5 The KASEM Predictive Maintenance System 94
6 Implementation and Use Cases 98
6.1 The OCARI Development Platform 99
6.2 Sensor Nodes Supported 99
6.3 OCARI Tuning 100
7 Conclusion 102
References 103
MAC Protocols in Body Area Network-A Survey 105
1 Introduction 105
2 Communications in Body Area Network 108
3 Challenges and Research Issues in Body Area Network 109
4 IEEE Sandard for Body Area Network 112
5 MAC Techniques for Reliable and Efficient Body Area Network 113
5.1 Scheduled Time Division Multiple Access MAC Protocol 114
5.2 Polling Based MAC Protocol 115
5.3 Random Access MAC Protocol 116
5.4 Preemption Enhanced Distributed Channel Access Priority MAC Protocol 117
5.5 Sensor MAC 118
5.6 Traffic Adaptive MAC 119
5.7 X-MAC 120
5.8 Medical MAC (M-MAC) 121
6 Implications for Researchers and Practitioners 122
7 Conclusion 123
References 124
Internet of Nano Things and Industrial Internet of Things 126
1 Introduction 126
2 Internet of Nano Things 127
2.1 Architecture of Internet of Nano Things 128
2.2 Communication Classifications 128
2.3 Communication Issues 129
2.4 Applications 130
2.5 Security Issues in IoNT 132
2.6 Future Research Directions in IoNT 132
3 Industrial Internet of Things 133
3.1 Functional Model of Industrial Internet of Things 134
3.2 Requirements for Industrial Internet of Things 136
3.3 Benefits of Industrial Internet of Things 137
3.4 Security Issues in IIoT 138
3.5 Future Research Directions in IIoT 139
4 Conclusion 139
References 140
Part II Distributed Systems and Security in Internet of Things 141
Secure Distributed Group Rekeying Scheme for Cluster Based Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multilevel Encryption 142
1 Introduction 143
2 Literature Review and Objectives 145
3 Proposed Model 149
3.1 Affine Cryptography 150
3.2 Mechanism of Selection of Keys from an Array 151
4 Experimental Work 154
4.1 Analysis 154
4.2 Memory Consumption 155
4.3 Time Consumption 156
5 Conclusion and Future Work 160
References 161
Recognizing Attacks in Wireless Sensor Network in View of Internet of Things 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Symptoms of Various Attacks in Wireless Sensor Network 165
2.1 Jamming 165
2.2 Hello Flood Attack 166
2.3 Selective Forwarding 167
2.4 Routing Anomalies 167
3 Protection Requirements in Wireless Sensor Networks 171
3.1 Protection Characteristics 171
3.2 Protection Systems 172
4 Analysis of Trust in Wireless Sensor Networks 173
4.1 Characteristics of Trust 174
4.2 Trust Computations 175
4.3 Trust Values 175
4.4 Classical Trusting Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks 176
5 Trusting Technique Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks 179
6 Modern Trusting Techniques for Wireless Sensor Network 180
6.1 Ant Colony Trusting Influence Technique 180
6.2 Clustering Based Trusting Technique 181
6.3 Key Formation Based Trusting Technique 183
7 Conclusion 184
References 185
Wireless Sensor Network in Automation and Internet of Things 187
1 Introduction 187
2 Wireless Sensor Network 188
2.1 Components of WSN Node 188
2.2 Creating Wireless Sensor Network 189
2.3 Classification of WSN 190
2.4 Sensors for Real Time Processing 192
2.5 Operating System 195
3 Wireless Sensor Network and IOT 197
3.1 Integration of WSN with IOT 199
3.2 Automation of WSN in IOT 200
3.3 Verdict of Automation 202
4 Green Computing and IoT 203
5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 204
References 204
Challenges of Distributed Storage Systems in Internet of Things 206
1 Introduction 206
2 Distributed Storage Systems 207
2.1 Types of Distributed Storage Systems 208
2.2 Distributed Storage Architectures 209
3 Data Fusion in Distributed Storage Systems 211
4 Privacy and Security 212
5 Trust in Distributed Storage Systems 215
6 Conclusion 216
References 216
Part III Challenges, Issues and Healthtcare Applications of Internet of Things 218
Internet of Things Based Intelligent Elderly Care System 219
1 Introduction 219
2 Visual Information Representation and Fall Detection Approaches 222
3 Fall Detection Framework - Overview 223
3.1 Feature Description 224
3.2 Support Vector Machines 228
3.3 K-Nearest Neighbor 230
3.4 Decision Tree 231
3.5 Fall Detection Dataset 231
3.6 Motion Projection Profile with SVM 234
3.7 Motion Projection Profile with K-NN 235
3.8 Motion Projection Profile with Decision Tree (J48) 237
4 Future Research Directions 238
5 Conclusion 239
References 240
Challenges, Issues and Applications of Internet of Things 242
1 Introduction 242
2 General Architecture of IoT 244
2.1 Applications 244
3 Advantages and Limitations 250
4 Implementation Challenges and Issues 252
5 Future Research Directions 252
6 Conclusion 253
References 253
Application of Technologies in Internet of Things 255
1 Introduction 255
2 Basic Working Principle of IoT 256
3 Technologies in IoT 259
3.1 Sensor Technology 259
3.2 Communication Technology 260
3.3 Middleware Technology 264
3.4 Cloud Computing Technology 265
4 Technologies of IoT in Medical 266
4.1 Research Projects 268
5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 268
References 269
Part IV Industry and Societal Applications of Internet of Things 271
An Appraisal on Human-Centered Internet of Things 272
1 Introduction 272
2 Case Studies of Human Centered IoT 274
2.1 Drug Tracker for Patient Safety 274
2.2 IoT Embedded Systems for Disabled Persons 277
2.3 Elderly People Care Using IoT 280
2.4 IoT Support for Children Affected by ASD 281
2.5 Tracking of Night Drivers for Accident Prevention 283
2.6 IoT Based Healthcare System for Wheelchair Users 286
2.7 Smart Home for Elderly and Disabled Persons 287
3 Conclusion and Future Research 288
References 289
A Survey on Internet of Things: Case Studies, Applications, and Future Directions 290
1 Introduction 291
2 Architecture of IoT 292
2.1 Findings of IoT 293
2.2 Challenges 294
3 Applications of Internet of Things 295
3.1 Smart Traffic System 296
3.2 Smart Environment 296
3.3 Smart Home 297
3.4 Healthcare Monitoring Applications 297
3.5 Logistics and Supply Chain Management 298
4 Case Study on Multi Robot System 298
5 Case Study on Emergency Department in Hospitals 301
6 Internet of Things Future Vision 303
7 Conclusion 304
References 305
Internet of Things in Cloud Computing 307
1 Introduction 307
2 Cloud Computing 308
2.1 Cloud Computing Models 309
3 Internet of Things 310
3.1 Classifications of Internet of Things 311
3.2 Applications of Internet of Things 312
3.3 Security and Challenges in Internet of Things 314
3.4 Future Research Directions in Internet of Things 314
3.5 Practical System in Internet of Things 315
4 Internet of Things in the Cloud 316
4.1 Challenges to Enable Internet of Things in Cloud Computing 317
4.2 Future Research Directions 318
5 Conclusion 318
References 319