Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation (eBook)

Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2016 6
Preface 8
Contents 11
Road and Rail—Ergonomic Analysis and Assistance 21
1 Modelling Human Factors for Advanced Driving Assistance System Design 22
Abstract 22
1 Introduction: Demand for Automation Versus Technology-Push 22
2 Levels of Technological Advances 23
3 Transitions Between Human Control and Automation 25
4 Bayesian Artificial Intelligence 25
4.1 The Bayesian Approach 25
4.2 Modelling Human and Automation Interface 26
4.3 Example Application to Distracted Driving 28
5 Conclusions 32
Acknowledgments 32
References 32
2 Effects of Driver Characteristics and Driver State on Predicting Turning Maneuvers in Urban Areas: Is There a Need for Individualized Parametrization? 34
Abstract 34
1 Introduction 35
2 Method 36
2.1 Sampling and Participants 36
2.2 Research Design 36
2.3 Measurements and Hypotheses 37
2.4 Driving Scenario 38
2.5 Procedure 39
2.6 Data Processing 40
2.7 Manipulation Check 40
3 Results 41
3.1 Speed Profiles (H1) 42
3.2 Pedal Activity (H2–H4) 43
3.3 Driving Through Intersection and Re-Accelerating (H5–H6) 44
4 Discussion 45
Acknowledgments 47
References 47
3 Using Adaptive Interfaces to Encourage Smart Driving and Their Effect on Driver Workload 49
Abstract 49
1 Introduction 50
2 Design Development 51
2.1 Ecological Interface Design (EID) 52
3 Mental Workload and In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) 53
3.1 Adaptive Interfaces 54
4 Evaluation of Driver Workload Through the Design Process 56
4.1 Simulator Study 56
4.2 On-Road Field Trials 57
5 Conclusions and Future Directions 59
Acknowledgments 60
References 60
4 Is It Me or Is It You? Assessing the Influence of Individual and Organizational Factors on Safety Performance in the North American Railway Industry 62
Abstract 62
1 Introduction 62
1.1 Safety Climate 63
1.2 Personality Traits 64
1.3 Safety Performance 65
2 Method 65
2.1 Participants 65
2.2 Design 65
2.3 Measures 66
3 Results 66
3.1 Hierarchical Multiple Regression 67
4 Discussion 69
4.1 Safety Performance Personality and Safety Climate 69
4.2 Limitations 70
4.3 Implications 70
References 71
5 The Use of Modelling Tool in Order to Evaluate the Dwelling Times for Trains 73
Abstract 73
1 Passengers Counting Method 73
2 Simulations Done with BuildingEXODUS 78
3 Results Obtained with BuildingEXODUS 79
4 Conclusions/Prospects 81
Acknowledgments 82
Reference 82
6 An Overview of the Factors Associated with Driver Distraction and Inattention Within the South African Railway Industry 83
Abstract 83
1 Introduction 83
1.1 Aims and Objectives 84
2 Driver Distraction and Inattention 85
2.1 Factors Affecting Driver Distraction in South African Railways 86
2.2 Interventions to Mitigate Driver Distraction 88
3 Future Research to Determine Driver Distraction 89
4 Discussion/Conclusion 90
References 91
7 Investigating the Potential to Mitigate Crowding Issues on Trains by Providing Improved Information to Passengers 92
Abstract 92
1 Introduction 92
2 Methodology 93
3 A Summary of the Data Collected 95
4 Analysis of the Stated Preference Results 98
4.1 SP1—Information Provided Before Travelling 98
4.2 SP2—Information Provided at the Station 100
5 Conclusions 101
Acknowledgments 102
References 102
Aviation—Human Factors in Aviation 103
8 Task Demand Variation in Air Traffic Control: Implications for Workload, Fatigue, and Performance 104
Abstract 104
1 Introduction 105
2 Method 105
2.1 Design 105
2.2 Participants 106
2.3 Measures and Apparatus 106
3 Results 107
3.1 Analysis Approach 107
3.2 Task Demand Variation Manipulation Check 108
3.3 Task Demand and Subjectively Experienced Factors 108
4 Discussion 111
5 Conclusion 114
References 114
9 How Important Is Conflict Detection to the Conflict Resolution Task? 116
Abstract 116
1 Introduction 117
2 Background 117
2.1 Function Allocation Research 117
2.2 Previous Findings 119
3 Method 120
3.1 Workload 121
3.2 Situation Awareness 121
4 Results 121
4.1 Resolution Response Time 121
4.2 Workload 122
4.3 Situation Awareness 123
4.4 Resolution Response Time and Workload 123
4.5 Resolution Response Time and Situation Awareness 124
5 Discussion 126
6 Conclusion 127
References 128
10 Human Systems Integration and Strategic Planning 129
Abstract 129
1 Introduction 129
1.1 Purpose 130
2 Methods 130
2.1 Information Display Structure 131
2.2 Content Development 132
3 Results 133
3.1 Human Factors and Safety Results 133
4 Lessons Learned 135
4.1 Cross-Team Collaboration 135
4.2 Product Flexibility 135
4.3 Lack of Industry Best Practices 136
5 Conclusion 136
Acknowledgments 136
References 136
11 If It Gets Measured, It Can Be Managed 138
Abstract 138
1 Introduction 139
2 MOSA Methodology 141
2.1 MOSA Procedure 143
3 Examples from MOSA Results 143
4 Discussion 145
5 Conclusion 145
References 146
12 New Approach to Determination of Main Solution Taking Dominant of Air Traffic Controller During Flight Level Norms Violation 147
Abstract 147
1 Introduction 148
2 Previous Researches 149
3 Problem Statement 153
4 Results of Research 153
5 Conclusions 156
References 156
Road and Rail—Pedestrians and Intersections 158
13 Quantitative Evaluation of Orientation Performance of Tactile Walking Surface Indicators for the Blind 159
Abstract 159
1 Introduction 159
2 Experiment Method 160
2.1 Experiment Outline 160
2.2 Experiment Procedure 162
3 Experiment Result 163
4 Conclusions 165
References 165
14 Proof Experiment of LED Block Equipped with Projections to Locate Travel Direction for Blind and Vision Impaired Persons 167
Abstract 167
1 Introduction 168
2 Experiment Conditions 169
2.1 Developed LED Block Equipped with Projections 169
2.2 Experiment Environment 170
3 Experiment Procedure 171
3.1 Blind Experiment 171
3.2 Low-Vision Experiment 172
4 Experiment Result 172
4.1 Blind Experiment 172
4.2 Low-Vision Capacity Experiment 173
5 Conclusions 176
References 177
15 Effect of Tire Pressure to Driving Forces at a Wheelchair 178
Abstract 178
1 Introduction 179
2 Method 179
2.1 Setting of a Certain Pressure in Wheelchair’s Tire 179
2.2 Measurement of Both Torque to Hand Rim and Numbers of Rotation in Driving Axis 181
2.3 Subjects 182
2.4 Procedure of the Experiment 182
2.5 Evaluation Methods 183
3 Result and Discussion 184
3.1 Deceleration Ratio 185
3.2 Load/Distance Rate 186
4 Conclusion 187
16 Development of an Effective Pedestrian Simulator for Research 189
Abstract 189
1 Introduction 190
2 Design 191
2.1 Virtual Environment 191
2.2 Virtual Reality Headset 192
2.3 Motion Tracking 193
2.4 Additional Hardware Components 193
2.5 Software Components 194
3 Discussion 195
3.1 Future Work 196
4 Conclusion 197
Acknowledgments 197
References 197
17 Effect of Human Reactions at Signalized Intersections on Intersection Efficiency and Safety 198
Abstract 198
1 Introduction 198
2 Literature Review 199
3 Methodologies 202
4 Analysis and Discussion 203
5 Conclusions 207
References 207
18 An Analysis of the Start-up Delay and Safety for Signalized Intersections: Impact of Left-Turn Phasing Sequences 209
Abstract 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Literature Review 211
3 Start-up Delay Model Development 213
4 Case Study Selection and Data Collection 214
5 Data Analysis 215
5.1 Headway Time Analysis 215
5.2 Estimating the Overall Value of Start-up Delay and Saturation Flow Rate 216
5.3 Investigating the Significant Factors Affecting the Start-up Delay Value 218
5.4 Impact of Lead/Lag Signal Phasing on the Traffic Performant 219
5.5 Impact of Lead/Lag Signal Phasing on the Safety Performant 219
6 Conclusions 220
References 221
19 Improving a Roundabout Design Through Simulation in a Unity 3D Virtual Environment 223
Abstract 223
1 Introduction 223
2 Methods 225
2.1 Pilot Test 226
2.2 Subject Selection 227
2.3 Experiment Instruction 227
3 Data Collection 227
4 Results and Discussion 227
4.1 Accidents and Violations 227
4.2 Time 229
4.3 Workload 229
5 Conclusion 231
6 Future Work 231
Acknowledgments 231
References 232
Road and Rail—Driver, Behavior, Distraction and Fatigue 233
20 Exploration of the SHRP 2 NDS: Development of a Distracted Driving Prediction Model 234
Abstract 234
1 Introduction 235
2 Background 235
3 Methods 236
3.1 Data Retrieval 236
3.2 Data Aggregation and Editing 237
3.3 Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis 238
4 Results and Discussion 239
4.1 Test for Differences in Performance Measures Among Groups 239
4.2 MLR Results 240
5 Conclusions 244
Acknowledgments 244
References 244
21 Socializing Under the Influence of Distracted Driving: A Study of the Effects of in-Vehicle and Outside-of-the-Vehicle Communication While Driving 246
Abstract 246
1 Introduction 247
2 Distracted Driving 248
3 Voiceing™ 248
4 Experiment Design 249
4.1 Apparatus and Study Logistics 249
4.2 Demographics 249
4.3 Design 250
4.4 Secondary Task Conditions 250
5 Procedure 252
6 Results 253
6.1 Driver Performance Results 253
6.2 Cognitive Load Results 256
7 Conclusion 257
References 257
22 Risk Factors for Driver Distraction and Inattention in Tram Drivers 259
Abstract 259
1 Introduction 260
1.1 Aims and Objectives 261
2 Methodology 261
2.1 Participants 263
2.2 Data Capture and Analysis 263
2.3 Ethical Considerations 264
3 Results 264
3.1 Restricted Attention 265
3.2 Misprioritised Attention 265
3.3 Neglected Attention 266
3.4 Cursory Attention 266
3.5 Diverted Attention 267
3.6 Risk Mitigation 267
4 Discussion 268
5 Conclusion 269
Acknowledgments 269
References 269
23 7 Years of Experience with Demerit Point System in the Czech Republic: Is It Effective? 271
Abstract 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Demerit Point System in the Czech Republic 273
2.1 Form and Development of Demerit Point System in the Czech Republic 273
2.2 Demerit Point System Statistics 274
2.3 Demerit Point System Evaluation 276
3 Discussion 277
4 Conclusions 278
Acknowledgments 278
References 278
24 Driving Related Fear—A Complex Problem with a Complex Treatment 281
Abstract 281
1 Introduction 281
2 Experience from the Czech Republic 284
2.1 Methods of Treatment 285
2.2 Driving Related Fear—Isolated Symptom or a Part of the System Problem? 285
2.3 Men Versus Women 286
2.4 DRF as a Consequence of Traumatic Experience? 286
3 Conclusions 286
Acknowledgments 287
References 287
25 Using a Prospect Theory Approach to Studying the Car-Following Model 289
Abstract 289
1 Introduction 289
2 Literature Review 291
2.1 Car Following 291
2.2 Prospect Theory 291
3 Methodology 294
4 Developing a CPT Model for Space Headway 296
5 Simulating the Space Headway Distribution 298
6 Evaluating the Performance and Application of CPT 300
7 Conclusion 301
References 301
26 Enhancing Drivers’ Situation Awareness 303
Abstract 303
1 Introduction 303
2 Literature Review 305
2.1 Situation Awareness 305
2.2 SA Assessment Methods 306
3 SAES Evaluation Method 307
4 Data Collection 309
5 Subjective Evaluation of the Two Designs 310
6 Results 312
7 Conclusions 312
References 313
27 Driving Behavior in Weaving Maneuver: A Driving Simulator Study 315
Abstract 315
1 Introduction 316
1.1 Background 316
1.2 Objective 317
2 Methodology 317
2.1 Equipment 317
2.2 Sample of Drivers and Its Validation 318
2.3 Scenario and Traffic Flow Conditions 319
2.4 Procedure 319
2.5 Road Safety Indicators 320
3 Results and Discussions 322
3.1 Deceleration 322
3.2 Risk Area 322
4 Conclusions 325
References 326
28 Observations of Drivers’ Behavior When Opening Car Door with Two Stages 328
Abstract 328
1 Introduction 328
2 Literature Review 329
3 Experiment Design 331
3.1 Experiment Environment Setup 331
3.2 Experiment Procedure 332
4 Experiment Result 332
4.1 Two-Stage Door Opening Awareness 332
4.2 Hand Habitually Used to Open Car Doors 333
4.3 Car Door Distance One-Way ANOVA 333
4.4 Relationship Between Human Factor Size and Field of Vision and Car Door Opening Distance 335
5 Discussion 336
6 Conclusion 336
Acknowledgments 337
References 337
29 Resurrecting Driver Workload, Multivariate Analysis of Test Track Data 338
Abstract 338
1 Introduction 339
1.1 Multi-Dimensional Interrelationships 340
2 Factor Analysis 341
2.1 Hidden Structure 342
2.2 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) 343
2.3 ANOVA—New Visual-Manual Tasks 344
3 Discussion—Conclusions 346
References 349
30 Effect of Mental Workload and Aging on Driver Distraction Based on the Involuntary Eye Movement 350
Abstract 350
1 Introduction 351
1.1 Aging Problems 351
1.2 Driver Distraction 351
2 Method 352
2.1 VOR—OKR Interaction 352
2.2 Experiment Setup 354
3 Results and Discussion 355
3.1 VOR and OKR Interaction 355
3.2 Effect of Driver Distraction on Eye Movement 356
3.3 Effect of Driver Distraction on Driver Speed 358
4 Conclusion 359
References 359
31 A Study on the Positioning of a Mounted Mobile Phone to Reduce Distraction While Driving Among Young Adults 361
Abstract 361
1 Introduction 361
1.1 Mobile Phones as an Inevitable Part of the Filipino Lifestyle 362
1.2 Scope and Limitation 362
2 Review of Related Literature 363
3 Methodology 364
3.1 Setup 364
3.2 Location of Mount 365
3.3 Tests 366
3.4 Visual Distraction Test 366
3.5 Auditory Distraction Test 366
3.6 Tactile Distraction Test 367
3.7 Measurement Error 367
4 Results and Discussion 367
5 Conclusion 369
References 369
32 Characterization of Driver Perception Reaction Time at the Onset of a Yellow Indication 371
Abstract 371
1 Introduction 372
2 Experimental Design 373
3 PRT Measurements and Analysis 374
4 Conclusions and Recommendations 381
Acknowledgments 382
References 382
Maritime—Human Performance and Safety Assessment in the Maritime Domain 383
33 Evacuations of Passenger Ships in Inclined Positions—Influence of Uphill Walking and External Stressors on Decision-Making for Digital Escape Route Signage 384
Abstract 384
1 Introduction 385
2 Methods 386
2.1 Participants 386
2.2 Experimental Conditions 386
2.3 Experimental Protocol 387
2.4 Apparatus 388
2.5 Statistical Analysis 388
2.5.1 Decision Times 388
3 Results 389
3.1 Mental Effort 389
3.2 State Anxiety 389
3.3 Decision Times 390
4 Discussion 393
5 Conclusion 394
Acknowledgments 394
References 395
34 FRAM in FSA—Introducing a Function-Based Approach to the Formal Safety Assessment Framework 397
Abstract 397
1 Introduction 398
2 Background 398
2.1 Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) 399
2.2 Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) 400
2.3 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 401
3 Methodology 402
3.1 Modeling Collision Avoidance 402
3.2 Data Collection 403
3.3 Hazard Identification Exercise 403
3.4 Identification of Hazards and Risk Control Options 404
4 Applicability of Methods Within the FSA 405
5 Discussion 407
6 Concluding Remarks 408
References 409
35 Designing New Interfaces for Submarines: From Cognitive Work Analysis to Ecological Interface Design 410
Abstract 410
1 Introduction 410
2 Background Theory 411
2.1 Stations to Be Redesigned 411
2.2 Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) 412
2.3 Ecological Interface Design 415
3 Method 416
3.1 Creating the CWAs 417
3.2 From CWA to EID 418
4 Results and Future Work 420
5 Conclusion 421
References 421
36 The Command Team Experimental Test-Bed Phase Two: Assessing Cognitive Load and Situation Awareness in a Submarine Control Room 423
Abstract 423
1 Introduction 423
2 Method 424
2.1 Participants 424
2.2 Equipment and Materials 425
2.3 Procedure 428
2.4 Results 429
3 Discussion 431
3.1 Conclusions and Future Work 432
References 432
37 Passenger Safety During Rescue and Evacuation from Passenger Vessels: A Holistic Concept for the Integration of Technical Assistance 434
Abstract 434
1 Introduction 434
2 Understanding and Specifying Characteristics of Users, Tasks and the Organizational Environment 436
3 Identifying User Needs and Specifying System Requirements 438
4 Creating User Requirements and Interface Designs 441
5 Discussion 442
6 Conclusion 442
References 443
Road and Rail—Vehicle Automation 444
38 What Drives Ecodriving? Hybrid Electric Vehicle Drivers’ Goals and Motivations to Perform Energy Efficient Driving Behaviors 445
Abstract 445
1 Introduction 446
2 Background 446
3 Method 447
3.1 Participants 447
3.2 Procedure 448
3.3 Scales and Measures 448
3.4 Qualitative Data Analysis 449
4 Results 450
4.1 (Q1) Ecodriving Motivations 450
4.2 (Q2) Most Important Ecodriving Motivation 451
4.3 (Q3) Reasons for not Driving Maximum Energy Efficiently 451
4.4 (Q4) Relating Most Important Motivations to Level of Ecodriving Motivation, Fuel Efficiency, Total HEV Driving Experience and Typical HEV Driving Distance 452
5 Discussion 453
5.1 Summary of Results 453
5.2 Implications 454
Acknowledgments 454
References 455
39 A Countdown to Manual Driving: How Do Drivers Get “Back-in-the-Loop”? 456
Abstract 456
1 Introduction 456
2 Method 458
2.1 Participants 458
2.2 Simulator 459
2.3 Procedure 459
2.4 Critical Scenario 460
3 Results 461
4 Analysis 462
4.1 Conclusions 463
Acknowledgments 464
References 464
40 Assessing Truck Drivers’ and Fleet Managers’ Opinions Towards Highly Automated Driving 465
Abstract 465
1 Introduction 466
2 Research Question 467
3 Method 467
3.1 Questionnaire Construction 467
3.2 Item Analysis 468
3.3 Procedure 468
3.4 Participants 469
4 Results 469
4.1 Descriptive Statistics 469
4.2 Linear Models 472
5 Discussion 473
6 Conclusion 475
Acknowledgments 475
References 475
41 Will There Be New Communication Needs When Introducing Automated Vehicles to the Urban Context? 477
Abstract 477
1 Introduction 478
2 Method 479
2.1 Field Experiment 479
2.2 Questionnaire Study 480
2.3 Analysis Method 482
3 Results 483
3.1 Results Based on the Field Experiment 483
3.2 Results from the Questionnaire 487
4 Discussion 488
5 Conclusion 488
Acknowledgments 489
References 489
42 Command-Based Driving for Tactical Control of Highly Automated Vehicles 490
Abstract 490
1 Introduction 491
2 Method 491
2.1 Tactical Controllers 492
2.2 Controller A 492
2.3 Controller B 493
2.4 Controller C 493
2.5 Driving Simulator and the Wizard of Oz Approach 494
2.6 Participants 494
2.7 Procedure 495
2.8 Data 495
3 Results 496
3.1 Attitudes Towards Automated Driving 496
3.2 The Need for Tactical Control 497
3.3 Suitability of Tactical Control 499
4 Discussion 499
5 Conclusions 500
Acknowledgments 500
References 500
43 Driving Simulator Experiment on Ride Comfort Improvement and Low Back Pain Prevention of Autonomous Car Occupants 502
Abstract 502
1 Introduction 502
2 Material and Method 504
2.1 Driving Simulator 504
2.2 Course Layout 505
2.3 Participants and Task 506
3 Results and Discussion 507
3.1 Objective Evaluation 507
3.2 Subjective Evaluation 513
4 Conclusion 513
References 513
44 The Unknown Paradox of “Stop the Crash” Systems: Are We Really Improving Driver Safety? 515
Abstract 515
1 Introduction 515
2 Methodology 517
2.1 Participants 517
2.2 Design and Procedure 517
3 Results 518
4 Discussion 521
Acknowledgments 522
References 522
45 Calibrating Trust to Increase the Use of Automated Systems in a Vehicle 524
Abstract 524
1 Introduction 525
2 Trust in Automated Systems in Vehicles 526
2.1 Types of Trust 527
2.2 Factors Influencing Trust on Automated Systems in Vehicles 527
2.2.1 Knowledge 528
2.2.2 Consequence 529
2.2.3 Situation Awareness 529
2.2.4 Willingness 530
2.2.5 Self-confidence 530
3 Calibration of Trust 530
3.1 Intervention to Re-calibrate Trust on Automated Systems 533
4 Conclusions 533
Acknowledgments 533
References 534
46 Cooperative Guidance and Control in Highly Automated Convoys—StrAsRob 536
Abstract 536
1 Introduction 537
1.1 State of the Art 538
2 Assistance and Automation Modes in StrAsRob 539
3 The User Interface—Interaction Between Driver and StrAsRob-System 540
4 Simulator Study 541
4.1 Use Cases 541
4.2 Testing Procedures—Kata 542
4.3 Description of the Simulator Prototype 543
4.4 Participants and Experimental Procedure of the Study 544
4.5 Evaluation of the Simulator Study 545
5 Conclusion 546
Acknowledgments 547
References 547
47 Autonomous Vehicles in Developing Countries: A Case Study on User’s View Point in Pakistan 549
Abstract 549
1 Introduction 550
2 Background Literature 550
3 Design of Survey Questionnaire and the Targeted Respondents 552
4 Results and Discussion 553
5 Conclusion 556
References 556
48 A New Method and Results for Analyzing Decision-Making Processes in Automated Driving on Highways 558
Abstract 558
1 Automated Driving and Cooperative Vehicle Guidance and Control 559
2 Guidance, Control, Responsibility and Decisions 560
3 Measuring Acceptance and Intention 561
3.1 The Online Questionnaire: Starting Point 562
3.2 The Online Questionnaire in Detail 562
3.3 The Interview During Ride 567
4 Conclusion and Outlook 568
Acknowledgments 568
References 568
49 A Human-Machine Interface for Cooperative Highly Automated Driving 571
Abstract 571
1 Introduction 571
2 HMI Considerations for Cooperative Highly Automated Driving 572
2.1 Enhancing Take-Over Requests Through Cooperative Perception 572
2.2 Displaying Strategic and Tactic Maneuvers 574
3 Pilot Study 576
3.1 Method 576
3.2 Results 577
4 Summary and Future Directions 579
Acknowledgments 580
References 580
Road and Rail—Logistics and Passengers 582
50 Child Restraint Seat Installation Errors and a Simple Mechanical Device to Mitigate Misuse 583
Abstract 583
1 Introduction 583
2 Research Scope 584
3 Material Model Development 585
4 CRSIAD Design and Function 587
4.1 Dimensional Envelop Definition 587
4.2 Geometry Design of the CRSIAD 588
5 CRSIAD Virtual Testing 590
6 CRSIAD Fabrication 590
6.1 Main Frame 590
6.2 Loading Beam 591
6.3 Loading Mechanism 591
6.4 Complete Assembly 592
7 CRSIAD Testing and Critical Review from Certified CRS Installers 592
8 Summary 593
Appendix: Material Yield Strength Data 594
References 594
51 Experimentation System for Determining Bus Routes for Customers of Supermarket Chains 595
Abstract 595
1 Introduction 596
2 Problem Statement 596
3 Algorithms 597
3.1 Bus Stops Finding Algorithms 597
3.2 Best Route Determining Algorithms 598
4 Experimentation System 600
5 Investigation 602
5.1 Experiment 1. Parameters of Best Route Determining Algorithms 602
5.2 Experiment 2. Parameters of Bus Stops Finding Algorithms 603
5.3 Experiment 3. Percentage of Collected Customers 603
5.4 Experiment 4. Comparison of Compositions of Algorithms 604
6 Conclusion 605
Acknowledgment 606
References 606
52 Carbon Nanotube Modified Asphalt Binders for Sustainable Roadways 607
Abstract 607
1 Introduction 607
2 Sample Preparation and Testing 608
3 Results and Discussions 609
3.1 Base Binder Modified with SWNT 609
3.2 SB Polymer (4 %) Modified Binder with SWNT 610
3.3 SB Polymer (4 %) Modified Binder with MWNT 611
3.4 SBS Polymer (4 %) Modified Binder with SWNT 611
3.5 SBS Polymer (4 %) Modified Binder with MWNT 612
3.6 SB Polymer (5 %) Modified Binder with SWNT 613
3.7 SB Polymer (5 %) Modified Binder with MWNT 613
3.8 SBS Polymer (5 %) Modified Binder with SWNT 615
3.9 SBS Polymer (5 %) Modified Binder with MWNT 616
4 Conclusion 616
References 617
53 Sensor Oriented Approach to Prevent Hyperthermia for Children in Car 618
Abstract 618
1 Introduction 618
2 HACC System Architecture 619
3 Related Work 621
4 Evaluation 621
5 Usability Testing 621
6 Usability Testing Analysis 622
7 Conclusion 623
References 623
54 Relationships Between Years of Licensure and Driving Style Measured with a Short Simulator-Based Test (N = 650) 624
Abstract 624
1 Introduction 624
2 Methods 626
2.1 Simulators 626
2.2 Driving Style Test 626
2.3 Collected Data 628
2.4 Statistical Analyses 630
3 Results 630
4 Discussion 632
References 634
55 The Usefulness of Augmenting Reality on Vehicle Head-up Display 638
Abstract 638
1 Introduction 638
2 AR-HUD System 639
2.1 Object Detection Module 639
2.2 Situation Awareness Module 640
2.3 Presentation Module 640
2.4 Registration Module 641
2.5 AR Services on HUD 642
3 Experiment 642
3.1 Normal Visibility Condition 642
3.2 Low Visibility Condition 642
4 Conclusion 644
Acknowledgments 644
References 644
56 Cognitive Constructs and Psychomotor Tracking 646
Abstract 646
1 Introduction 646
2 Cognitive Constructs in Psychomotor Tasks 647
2.1 Processing Speed 647
2.2 Working Memory Capacity 648
2.3 Fluid Intelligence 649
2.4 Current Study 650
3 Method 650
3.1 Participants 650
3.2 Materials 651
3.3 Procedure 653
4 Results 653
4.1 Correlation Analyses 653
4.2 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis 654
4.3 General Discussion 655
5 Conclusion 656
Acknowledgments 657
References 657
57 Fatigue Driving Influence Research and Assessment 659
Abstract 659
1 Introduction 659
2 Fatigue Driving Simulation Experiment 660
2.1 Experimental Objective 660
2.2 Experimental Design 661
3 Research of Influence Driver’s State on Fatigue 662
3.1 The Relationship of Reaction Time and Driving Fatigue Level 662
3.2 The Relationship of Brain Wave and Driving Fatigue Level 663
3.3 The Relationship of PERCLOS and Driving Fatigue Level 664
4 Driving Fatigue Level Assessment Based on Rough Set Theory 665
4.1 PERCLOS Threshold Determine in Different Fatigue Level 665
4.2 Driving Fatigue Level Assessment Based on Rough Set Theory 666
4.3 Analysis of Assessment Result 668
5 Conclusion 669
Acknowledgments 669
References 670
58 Research on Design Pattern of City Tunnel Side Wall Based on the Driver Visual Effect 671
Abstract 671
1 Introduction 671
2 Materials and Methods 673
2.1 Pattern Design Research 674
2.2 The Color of the Pattern 677
2.3 Participants 678
2.4 Driving Simulator and Driving Scenario 678
2.5 Procedures 679
3 Results 679
3.1 The Test of Spacing of the Design Pattern 679
3.2 The Contract Test Between the New Design and the Original Design 680
4 Conclusion and Discussion 682
Acknowledgments 682
References 683
59 Research on Drivers’ Recognition Ability of Obstacles Under Lighting Environment of Tunnel Entrance Sections 684
Abstract 684
1 Introduction 685
2 Literature Review 685
3 The Experimental Research 686
3.1 The Experiment Site 686
3.2 The Experimental Personnel and Equipments 687
3.3 The Experiment Content 688
4 Results and Discussion 688
4.1 The Illuminance Change of the Tunnel Entrance Section Under the Influence of Natural Light 688
4.2 Relationship Between Obstacle Recognition Distance and Driving Speed 690
4.2.1 Discreteness Analysis 690
4.2.2 Correlation Analysis 691
4.3 Relationship Between the Obstacle Recognition Distance and the Change of Illuminance 693
5 Conclusion 695
Acknowledgments 695
References 696
60 Research on Optimized Design of Bridge-Tunnel Linkage Sections on Mountainous Highways Considering the Effect of Crosswind on Driver Behavior 697
Abstract 697
1 Introduction 697
2 Method 699
2.1 Effect of Shoulder Width on Driving Safety 699
2.2 Driving Simulator 699
2.3 Experiment Design 700
2.4 Experiment Procedure 701
3 Data Analysis 702
3.1 Max Countering Steering Wheel Angle (MCSWA) 702
3.2 Heart Rate 706
3.3 Optimized Design of Bridge-Tunnel Linkage Section 707
4 Conclusion 708
Acknowledgments 708
References 709
Road and Rail—Accidents and Pedestrian Modeling 710
61 Reducing Reversing Vehicle Incidents in Australian Fleet Settings—A Case Study 711
Abstract 711
1 Introduction 712
1.1 Strategies to Reduce Reversing Vehicle Incidents 712
1.2 Current Study and Aim 713
2 Methodology 713
2.1 Participants and Procedure 713
2.2 Interventions 714
3 Results 714
3.1 Descriptives 714
3.2 Data Analysis 716
4 Discussion 719
4.1 Strengths and Implications 719
4.2 Limitations and Conclusions 720
References 721
62 The Relationship Between Traffic Rule Violations and Accident Involvement Records of Drivers 723
Abstract 723
1 Background 723
2 Data Preparation 725
3 Data Analysis 726
3.1 Accident and Violation Frequencies 726
3.2 Accident Rate Per Driver Estimation 728
3.3 Accident Probability Estimation 729
4 Conclusion 732
References 732
63 Acquisition System Improvement and Results Analysis in Small Overlap and Oblique Tests 734
Abstract 734
1 Introduction 734
2 Small Overlap Test 735
2.1 Test with the Barrier and Results Analysis 736
2.2 New Barrier with the Corner Instrumented 739
3 RMDB Acquisition System 741
3.1 Test with the Barrier and Results Analysis 741
3.2 New Acquisition System Design 745
References 745
Road and Rail—Warning Systems/Public Transport 747
64 Effects of Intersection Collision Warning Systems and Traffic Calming Measures on Driver’s Behavior at Intersections 748
Abstract 748
1 Introduction 748
2 Methodology 750
2.1 Driving Simulator Experiment 750
2.2 Road Scenarios, ICWSs and Traffic Calming Measure 750
2.3 Apparatus 752
2.4 Participants 752
2.5 Procedure 753
3 Data Processing 754
4 Data Analysis and Results 754
4.1 Drivers’ Behavior 755
4.2 Outcome of the Questionnaire 757
5 Discussion 757
6 Conclusion 758
References 759
65 Directional Identification of Sirens and Warnings in a Simulated Driving Task: Comparison of Two Loudspeaker Technologies 762
Abstract 762
1 Introduction 763
2 Description of the Experimental Setup 764
2.1 Description of the Technologies 764
2.2 Description of the Driving Simulator and Primary and Secondary Tasks 764
3 Description of Protocol 765
4 User Experience Assessment 766
5 Results and Analysis 768
5.1 Comparison Between the Acoustic Glass and the Traditional Loudspeaker Concerning the Directional Errors 768
5.2 External Alarms (French Firemen and French Police) 768
5.3 Internal Alarm (Lane Departure Warning) 769
5.4 Semantic Differential 770
6 Analysis and Discussion 770
7 Conclusion 771
Acknowledgments 772
References 772
66 Bus Rapid Transit (BRTS): A Case Study to Investigate Its Use by the Persons with Disability 773
Abstract 773
1 Indian Scenario 773
2 Concept of Accessibility 774
3 Purpose of the Study 775
4 BRT Projects in India 775
5 BRTS Challenges and Opportunities 776
6 Social Concern—Accessibility and Equity 777
7 BRT Features 777
7.1 Pedestrian Movement 777
7.2 Boarding Stations 778
7.3 Transport Vehicle 778
8 Bhopal City BRTS Brief 779
8.1 Bhopal BRTS Safety Concerns 780
8.2 Survey Results of the Bhopal BRTS 780
8.3 Problems with BRTS Infrastructure 781
9 The Way Forward 782
10 Conclusion 782
References 782
67 Ergonomic Assessment and Evaluation of Philippine Buses for Filipinos: A Case Study on Metro Manila City Buses 784
Abstract 784
1 Introduction 784
2 Methodology 785
2.1 Passenger Satisfaction Survey on City Buses Used Currently in Metro Manila 786
2.2 Anthropometric Measurements for Ergonomic Bus Dimensions 786
2.3 Dimensional Measurements of Current City Buses in Metro Manila 786
2.4 Passenger Preferences on Ideal City Bus Layout 786
3 Results and Discussion 787
3.1 Passenger Satisfaction Survey on City Buses in Metro Manila 787
3.2 Anthropometric Measurements for Ergonomic Bus Dimensions 789
3.3 Comparison Between Anthropometric Measurements and Dimensional Measurements of Current Buses 790
3.4 Passenger Preferences on Ideal City Bus Layout 791
4 Conclusion and Recommendations 792
Acknowledgments 795
References 795
68 QZTool—Automatically Generated Origin-Destination Matrices from Cell Phone Trajectories 796
Abstract 796
1 Introduction 797
2 Related Work 798
3 System Design 799
3.1 External Data Sources 799
3.2 Input 800
3.3 Processing 801
3.4 Frontend 802
4 Evaluation 803
5 Conclusion 804
Acknowledgments 805
References 805
Aviation—Human Factors in Aviation 807
69 Follow-the-Greens: The Controllers’ Point of View Results from a SESAR Real Time Simulation with Controllers 808
Abstract 808
1 Introduction 809
2 Follow-the-Greens: The Concept 809
2.1 Follow-the-Greens: Expected Results 811
3 Method 811
3.1 Participants 812
3.2 Test Environment 812
3.3 Scenarios 812
3.4 Measurements 815
4 Results 815
4.1 Operational Improvements in Terms of Safety 815
4.2 Operational Improvements in Terms of Human Performance 816
5 Discussion/Conclusions 819
5.1 Recommendations 819
5.2 Outlook 819
Acknowledgments 820
References 820
70 Purple Sky Framework Towards the Flight Deck of the Future Experience: Through Co-design, Rapid UX Prototyping, and User Testing 821
Abstract 821
1 Introduction 821
1.1 Challenge 1: There Are No Prototyping Platform and Process that Are Flexible and Rapid with Low Cost 822
1.2 Challenge 2: Current Flight Deck Systems Are Unnecessarily Complex 822
1.3 Case Study 822
1.4 Purple Sky Design Process 822
1.5 Rapid Prototyping Platform 823
2 Purple Sky Framework 824
2.1 Co-design Workshop 824
2.2 Research and Design 826
2.3 Prototyping 828
2.4 User and Business Value Testing 830
3 Discussion 831
4 Conclusion 831
Acknowledgments 831
References 832
71 An Important Failure: Lessons from Daedalus and Icarus 833
Abstract 833
1 The Myth of Daedalus and Icarus 833
2 Ovid’s Metamorphoses 834
3 The Relevance of Myths to Modern Aviation 834
4 Human Factors in the Myth of Daedalus and Icarus 835
4.1 Factor 1: Anxiety and Get-Away-Itis 835
4.2 Factor 2: High-Risk Technology 836
4.3 Factor 3: Interruption and Distraction 837
4.4 Factor 4: Poor Crew Communication 837
4.5 Factor 5: Hazardous Pilot Attitudes 838
5 The Daedalus Dilemma 838
6 Conclusion 839
Acknowledgments 840
Appendix: Ovid’s Myth of Daedalus and Icarus 840
References 841
72 Improved User Acceptance During Stepwise Air Traffic Control Display Functionality Introduction 843
Abstract 843
1 Introduction 843
2 Related Work 844
3 Concept of Migration Tolerant Display Steps 845
4 Design of Evaluation Study with Controllers 847
5 Evaluation Results 847
6 Discussion of Study Results and Controller Comments 850
7 Summary and Outlook 851
References 851
73 EEG-Based Human Factors Evaluation of Conflict Resolution Aid and Tactile User Interface in Future Air Traffic Control Systems 854
Abstract 854
1 Introduction 855
2 Related Work 856
3 EEG-Based Workload Recognition 857
3.1 Feature Extraction 857
3.2 Mental Workload Recognition 858
4 Experiment 859
4.1 Brain Computer Interface 860
4.2 Workload Calibration and Recognition 860
4.3 ATC Simulation 862
5 Preliminary Results 863
6 Conclusion 864
Acknowledgments 864
References 864
74 Synergistic Allocation of Flight Expertise on the Flight Deck (SAFEdeck): A Design Concept to Combat Mode Confusion, Complacency, and Skill Loss in the Flight Deck 867
Abstract 867
1 Introduction 868
2 An Automobile Analogy 869
3 Synergistic Allocation of Flight Expertise in the Flight Deck (SAFEdeck) 871
3.1 SAFEdeck Hardware Components 872
3.2 SAFEdeck Flight Management Functions 873
3.3 SAFEdeck Notification and Alerting Functions 876
3.4 SAFEdeck Filtering and Decluttering Functions 877
3.5 Experiment Results 877
4 Summary 878
References 879
75 Developing a Mental Model in ATC: 1—Learning Situational Assessment 880
Abstract 880
1 Introduction 880
2 Basic Definitions 881
3 Learning Situational Awareness: Non-radar 882
4 Separation 884
5 Gaining SA in a Radar Simulation 886
6 Summary 887
Acknowledgments 888
References 888
76 Sleep Environment Recommendations for Future Spaceflight Vehicles 889
Abstract 889
1 Introduction 889
2 Methods 890
3 Recommendations 890
3.1 Sleep Chamber Location 890
3.2 Privacy 891
3.3 Habitable Volume 892
3.4 Light 892
3.5 Noise 893
3.6 Temperature and Humidity 893
3.7 Air Quality 894
3.8 Involuntary Movement 894
3.9 Summary 895
References 895
Road and Rail—Eco-driving and Electric Vehicles 900
77 Well Worth a Detour?—Users’ Preferences Regarding the Attributes of Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electromobility 901
Abstract 901
1 Introduction 902
2 Related Work and Question Addressed 902
3 Method 903
3.1 Questionnaire 904
3.2 Conjoint Study 904
3.3 Data Acquisition, Data Preparation and Analysis 905
3.4 Sample 906
4 Results 906
4.1 Model Fit and Relative Importance Scores 906
4.2 Part-Worth Utilities 908
4.3 Effects of Prior Experience with BEVs 909
5 Discussion 911
Acknowledgments 912
References 912
78 Introducing Wireless Charging for Drivers of Electrical Vehicles in Sweden—Effects on Charging Behaviour and Attitudes 915
Abstract 915
1 Introduction 915
2 Method 916
2.1 Research Questions 917
2.2 Study Setting 917
2.3 Survey Design 918
2.4 Participants 919
3 Results and Analysis 919
3.1 Emerging Charging Behaviour 919
3.2 Perceived Attractiveness 921
3.3 Perceived Safety 923
4 Discussion 924
4.1 Does Inductive Charging Lead to a Change in Charging Behaviour? 924
4.2 Does Inductive Charging Make Electric Vehicles More Attractive? 924
4.3 Does Inductive Charging Become Hindered by Perceived Safety Issues? 925
5 Conclusions 925
Acknowledgments 926
References 926
79 Exploring the Value of Information Delivered to Drivers 927
Abstract 927
1 Introduction 928
2 Research Procedure 929
3 Step 1: Selection of Representative in-Car Information 929
3.1 List of in-Car Information Items 930
3.2 Representative in-Car Information Items 930
4 Step 2: Identification of the Context Factors that Affect the Value of in-Car Information 932
4.1 Context Factors as Building Block for the Driving Situation 932
4.2 Context Factors that Affect the Value of in-Car Information 933
5 Step 3: Deriving Representative Driving Situations at Which the Selected in-Car Information Is Valuable 934
5.1 Driving Situations for Which the Selected in-Car Information Is Valuable 934
5.2 Representative Driving Situations Derived by a Large Number of Drivers 935
5.3 Context Awareness Technologies Required to Detect the Representative Driving Situations 938
6 Conclusion 940
Acknowledgments 941
References 941
80 A Typology of In-Vehicle Eco-Driving Feedback 942
Abstract 942
1 Introduction 943
1.1 In-Vehicle Eco-Driving Feedback 943
1.2 Eco-Driving Feedback Studies 943
1.3 Previous Eco-Driving Feedback Typologies 944
1.4 Theoretical Framework 945
2 Methodology 945
2.1 Sampling Eco-Driving Feedback Systems 945
2.2 Defining the Feedback Stream 946
2.3 Defining Behaviorally Relevant Feedback Attributes 946
2.3.1 Data 947
2.3.2 Timing 947
2.3.3 Design 948
2.4 Data Analysis 948
3 Results 948
4 Discussion 951
4.1 Salient Feedback for Driver Attention 952
4.2 Precise Feedback for Driver Learning 952
4.3 Meaningful Feedback for Driver Motivation 953
4.4 Limitations 954
4.5 Conclusion 954
Acknowledgments 954
References 954
Road and Rail—Education and Hazard Perception 956
81 Education and Training of Problematic Drivers and Drivers of the Integrated Emergency System 957
Abstract 957
1 Introduction 957
2 Data Collection 959
3 Research Sample 959
4 Methods 959
5 Results 960
6 Discussion 962
Acknowledgments 962
References 962
82 Development and Trial of an Item Set for Testing Traffic Perception and Hazard Avoidance 964
Abstract 964
1 Introduction 965
1.1 The Impact of Traffic Perception and Hazard Avoidance Skills 965
1.2 Aims of the Current Study 965
2 Structural Components of Traffic Perception and Hazard Avoidance 966
3 Development of an Item Set for Testing Traffic Perception and Hazard Avoidance 967
3.1 Selection of Task Types 967
3.2 Selection of Task Contents 969
3.3 Implementation and Pretest 969
4 Trial Study 970
4.1 Study Design 970
4.2 Status of Assessment 972
5 Outlook 972
References 973
83 Driver Distraction and Advanced Vehicle Assistive Systems (ADAS): Investigating Effects on Driver Behavior 975
Abstract 975
1 Introduction 976
2 Experiment 977
2.1 Methods 977
3 Results 979
3.1 ADAS Condition 979
3.2 Mental Math 980
3.3 Interaction Between LDW and Mental Math 980
4 Discussion 981
5 Conclusion 981
References 982
Road and Rail—Infrastructure 983
84 Generating a Lane-Specific Transportation Network Based on Floating-Car Data 984
Abstract 984
1 Introduction 985
2 Methodology 986
2.1 General Approach 986
2.2 Study Area and Measurement Systems 987
2.3 Distance Analysis of GNSS Based Vehicle Trajectories 988
2.4 Lane-Specific Transportation Network Based on Kernel Density Estimation 989
3 Results and Discussion 990
3.1 Results of Roadway Based Distance Analysis 990
3.2 Results of Trip Based Distance Analysis 992
3.3 Results of Generating a Lane-Specific Transportation Network 994
4 Conclusion 995
References 996
85 Construction of PCT Girder Bridge Using an Overhead Movable Scaffolding System (MSS) 997
Abstract 997
1 Introduction 998
2 Bridge Configuration 998
3 Design Criteria 999
3.1 Design Code 999
3.2 Load 999
3.3 Deflection 1000
3.4 Material Data 1000
3.5 Design Approach 1001
4 Research Methodology and Structural Analysis 1001
4.1 Research Methodology 1001
4.2 Structural Analysis 1001
5 Design of MSS Main Parts 1003
5.1 Main Girder 1003
5.2 Transverse Truss 1004
5.3 Nose 1004
5.4 Launching Wagon 1004
5.5 Main Support 1004
5.6 Hanger 1004
5.7 Formwork 1005
6 Assembling and Erecting Sequence 1005
7 Concreting Sequence and Launching Procedures 1006
7.1 Concreting Sequence 1006
7.2 Launching Procedures 1007
8 Conclusion 1007
References 1007
Maritime—Users, Tasks and Tools in the Maritime Domain 1009
86 Prediction of Human Postural Response in Shipboard Environments 1010
Abstract 1010
1 Introduction 1010
2 Sea Trial Data Acquisition 1011
2.1 Kinect Motion Capture 1012
2.2 Insole Pressure Measurements 1012
3 Ground Reaction Moments 1013
4 Human Postural Stability Model 1014
5 Control System Design 1015
6 Results 1017
7 Discussion 1019
8 Conclusion 1020
References 1020
87 Maritime and Port Activity Analysis Tool 1022
Abstract 1022
1 Introduction 1022
2 Background 1024
3 Methodology 1024
4 Discussion and Analysis 1028
4.1 Continuous Productivity Improvement 1029
5 Conclusion 1030
Acknowledgments 1031
References 1031
88 Boat Camping Sailing Yacht: A Study Case of Conscious Yacht Design 1032
Abstract 1032
1 Introduction 1032
2 Boat Camping and Sustainable Tourism 1033
3 Concept Description 1034
4 Concept Guidelines Development 1035
4.1 Deck Layout Organization 1037
4.2 Supple Design Solution 1038
4.3 Supple Interior Layout 1039
4.4 Sail Plan 1040
4.5 Trailerability 1041
5 Conclusion 1042
Acknowledgments 1042
References 1042
89 Design for Inclusion in the Field of Sailing Yachts. Design for All Approach for Small Sailing Boats 1044
Abstract 1044
1 Introduction 1044
2 Purpose of Research 1046
3 Method 1046
3.1 Case Studies’ Selection and Cataloguing 1046
3.2 Case Studies Analysis 1048
4 Design for All Approach for Small Sailing Boat 1048
4.1 Seats 1049
4.1.1 Physicality 1050
4.1.2 Perception and Sense 1051
4.1.3 Comprehension 1051
4.2 Running Rigging and Sail Plan 1051
4.2.1 Physicality 1052
4.2.2 Perception and Sense 1053
4.2.3 Comprehension 1053
4.3 The Steering System 1054
4.3.1 Physicality 1054
4.3.2 Perception and Sense 1055
4.3.3 Comprehension 1055
4.4 The Design Process 1055
5 Results and Conclusion 1056
Acknowledgments 1056
References 1057
Road and Rail—Safety, Driver Psychophysiology and Eye Tracking 1058
90 Measuring Trade-Offs Between Risk and Travel Time Based on Experimental Speed Data 1059
Abstract 1059
1 Introduction 1060
2 Methods 1061
2.1 Theoretical Framework 1061
2.2 On-Road Experiment 1062
2.3 Application of the Theoretical Framework to the Experiment Conducted 1064
2.4 Measures of Risk and Travel Time 1066
3 Results and Discussion 1068
4 Conclusions 1071
References 1071
91 Crash Testing High-Power Portable Traction System Device 1073
Abstract 1073
1 Introduction 1073
2 Objectives 1074
3 Requirements 1075
3.1 General Testing Requirements of Mass and Velocity 1076
3.2 Option 1: Truck of 38.000 kg at 65 km/h 1076
3.3 Option 2: Car of 3000 kg at a Maximum Speed of 120 km/h 1076
3.4 Traction Force and Engine Solution 1077
3.5 Rope Requirements 1079
3.6 Pulley System 1079
4 Design of the Portable Traction System Device 1080
5 Structural Truck Modifications and Improvements 1082
6 Conclusions 1083
92 Traffic Light Assistant Simulation: Foggy Weather 1084
Abstract 1084
1 Introduction 1084
1.1 Background 1085
2 Design of the Experiment 1086
3 The Analysis 1089
3.1 Differences in Operations 1091
4 Conclusions and Discussion 1092
References 1092
93 Skill Metrics for Mobile Crane Operators Based on Gaze Fixation Pattern 1094
Abstract 1094
1 Introduction 1094
2 Experiment Setup 1095
2.1 Crane Operation 1096
2.2 Gaze Fixation 1097
3 Results and Analysis 1098
3.1 Markov Chains 1098
3.2 Skill Metrics 1100
4 Discussion 1101
5 Conclusions 1103
Acknowledgments 1103
References 1103
94 Towards a Real-Time Driver Workload Estimator: An On-the-Road Study 1105
Abstract 1105
1 Introduction 1106
2 Methods 1107
2.1 Participants 1107
2.2 Apparatus 1107
2.3 Driver Workload Estimator 1108
2.4 Procedures 1108
2.5 Driving Task and Environment 1109
2.6 Dependent Measures 1109
3 Results 1110
3.1 Descriptive Results 1110
3.2 Countback Task 1112
3.3 Evaluation of the Driver Workload Estimator 1113
4 Discussion 1115
Acknowledgments 1116
References 1116
95 Impact of Motorcyclists’ Travel Behavior on Delay and Level-of-Service at Signalized Intersections in Malaysia 1119
Abstract 1119
1 Introduction 1119
2 Background 1120
3 Study Methodology 1122
4 Data Collection 1124
5 Results and Discussions 1125
6 Conclusions 1130
References 1131