Research into Design for Communities, Volume 1 (eBook)

Amaresh Chakrabarti is professor of Engineering Design at Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. He holds a BE in Mechanical Engineering from Univ. of Calcutta (now IIEST), India, an ME in Mechanical Design from IISc, and a PhD in Engineering Design from University of Cambridge, UK. After PhD, he led for ten years the Design Synthesis team at the EPSRC Centre for Excellence Engineering Design Centre at the University of Cambridge. His interests are in design synthesis and creativity, eco-design and sustainability, and product informatics. He has authored/edited 10 books, over 250 peer-reviewed articles, and has 6 patents granted/pending. He co-authored DRM, a methodology used widely as a framework for doing engineering design research. He is an Associate Editor, AI EDAM, Area Editor, Research in Engineering Design (Springer), Regional Editor, Journal for Remanufacturing (Springer), and Advisory Editor for 7 international journals including Journal of Engineering Design, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (Springer), and International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation. Professor Chakrabarti has been on the Advisory Board of Design Society, UK, where he is currently a member of the Board of Management, member of the CII National Committee on Design, India, and member of the Jury for India Design Mark, India Design Council. He founded IDeaSLab – the first laboratory in India for research into design creativity, sustainability and innovation. He is Chair for International Conferences on Research into Design (ICoRD), 22nd CIRP Design Conference (CIRP Design 2012), 3rd International Conference on Design Creativity (3rd ICDC 2015), and vice-Chair for AI in Design (AID) and Design Computing and Cognition (DCC) Conferences. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Engineering Designers, the peer society under the UK Royal Charter in engineering design. Seven of his papers won top paper awards in various international conferences. Debkumar Chakrabarti is professor in department of design at Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. He holds a BSc. (honours) in Human Physiology, MSc. in Human Physiology with specialisation in Ergonomics and Work Physiology and a PhD in Science from Univ. of Calcutta, India. Dr. Chakrabarti has over 30 years of teaching experience with various capacities covering various aspects of Ergonomics/Human Factors and Design at Various levels. His areas of research are Ergonomics and Human Factors Fundamentals; Usability and Human Compatibility Factors; Design Ergonomics and Human- Product-Environment interface system; Cognitive perception and interaction ergonomics; Occupational health and safety; and Participatory Ergonomics and training. Dr. Chakrabarti has 93 publications/reports in Journals, Conferences, Technical reports and books to his credit.

Preface 6
Conference Organisation 9
About the Conference 18
Contents 20
About the Editors 29
Design Theory and Research Methodology 31
1 Different Rationalities of Creative Design—A Comparative Case Study 32
Abstract 32
1 Introduction 32
2 Rationalities of the Design Process 33
3 Case Study Design and Methods 34
4 Results: Case 1—Design Company 35
4.1 Case 2—Work Unit Within a Global Enterprise 36
4.2 Case 3—Academy of Fine Arts and Design 38
5 Discussion 39
6 Conclusions 40
References 41
2 Design Space Configuration Trough Analytical Parametrization 43
Abstract 43
1 Introduction 43
1.1 Design Space for Parameterization 46
1.2 Analytical Parametrization of Wing 49
1.3 Singular Value Decomposition for Estimation of System Characteristics 50
2 Conclusions 52
References 52
3 People, Chair, and Value(S): A Qualitative Inquiry into the Material Lives 53
Abstract 53
1 Introduction 53
2 Research Question 54
3 Methodology 54
3.1 Formulating Inquiry 54
3.2 Sampling and Research Setting 55
3.3 Conducting Interviews and Data Gathering 56
3.4 Process of Analysis 56
3.5 Extant Theories 58
3.6 Nature and Scope 58
4 Results 58
4.1 Comfort 60
4.2 Flexible with Layout 60
4.3 Craft 61
4.4 Association 61
4.5 Harmony 61
4.6 Ethnic and Traditional 61
4.7 Spatial Identity and Hierarchy 61
4.8 Limited Life 62
4.9 Transient and Ascetic 62
5 Discussion on Implementation 62
6 Conclusion 63
References 63
4 Design Dialogue at Design Tree 65
Abstract 65
1 Introduction 65
2 The Dialogue 66
3 Necessity of a Dialogue in the Process of Designing 68
4 Judgment Criteria for Design Dialogue 68
5 Analog of Design—Processing in Mind 69
5.1 How Straight Is the Dialogue? 70
5.2 Dialogue with Metaphor 70
5.3 Translation from Metaphor to Reality 71
6 Design Tree 72
6.1 Example 73
6.2 Design Tree Potential 75
7 Conclusion 75
Acknowledgements 75
References 75
5 Differences in Sketches and Mental Imagery in Ideation Stage of Novice Designers 77
Abstract 77
1 Introduction 77
2 Sketches and Mental Imagery 78
3 Methodology 81
4 Results 82
5 Discussion 85
6 Conclusion 86
References 86
6 Optimizing Operation Research Strategy for Design Intervention: A Framework for GOMS Selection Rule 89
Abstract 89
1 Introduction 90
1.1 GOMS 90
1.2 Operation Research: Decision Making 91
2 Methods 91
2.1 Approach 91
2.2 Participants 93
3 Results 94
4 Discussion 95
4.1 Proposed Matrix After Validation 97
5 Conclusion 97
References 98
7 Application of Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Process Parameters in Keyway Milling 99
Abstract 99
1 Introduction 99
2 Literature Review 101
3 Experimentation 101
3.1 Workpiece Material 101
3.2 Data Collection for the End Milling Process 102
3.3 Design of Experiment 103
4 Analysis and Results 104
4.1 Modeling Using Artificial Neural Network 104
4.2 Modeling Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) 107
4.3 Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology Plot 109
4.4 Optimization Using Genetic Algorithm 111
5 Conclusion 112
References 113
8 A Thinking Process Model Based on the Perspective of Editing Constraints to Design Innovative Things 115
Abstract 115
1 Introduction 115
2 Design Process Models in the Past 116
3 Focusing on Individual Thinking Process 117
4 Saussure Theory 118
5 Constraint 118
5.1 Handling of Constraints 118
5.2 Definition and Classification of Constraints 119
5.3 Edit of Constraints 119
6 Thinking Process with Editing Constraints 120
7 Validation of the Model in the Case of Design Activity 121
8 Conclusion 122
References 123
9 Audience, Participant and Agency: Need for Role Definition in Interactive Visual Narratives 124
Abstract 124
1 Introduction to Interactive Visual Narratives (INVs) 125
2 IVN Environments 125
3 Approaches Towards Creating Interactive Visual Narratives 126
4 Models for Interactive Visual Narratives 127
5 Role Definitions 127
6 Conclusion 129
References 129
10 Thermo-Structural Design of Strut Based Flame Holder for Scramjet Combustor 131
Abstract 131
1 Introduction 131
2 Flame Holder Design 132
2.1 Design Objectives 132
2.2 Structural Sizing 132
2.3 Supersonic Flow Around Flame Holder 133
3 Computational Model Formulation 134
3.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling 134
3.2 Finite Element Model 135
3.3 Finite Element Modeling: Coupled Thermo-Structural Analysis 137
4 Material Selection 137
5 Results and Discussion 138
5.1 Transient Thermal Analysis 138
5.2 Thermal-Structural Analysis 138
6 Conclusion and Further Work 140
Acknowledgements 140
References 140
11 Blending Rapid Ethnography and Grounded Theory for Service Experience Design in Organizational Setting: Design of a Peer to Peer Social Micro-Lending Service 142
Abstract 142
1 Introduction 143
2 Background 143
3 Rapid Ethnography and Grounded Theory 145
3.1 Challenges with Applying Traditional Ethnography in the Project Context 145
3.2 Adaptation of Rapid Ethnography (RE) Within Grounded Theory (GT) Framework 146
3.3 Execution of the Methodology 147
4 Analysis, Interpretation and the Actionable Insights 148
4.1 Experience Design Themes 149
4.2 Empathy and Trust Flows 149
4.3 SI Behavioural Typology and Engagement Journey 150
5 Advantages of the Blend of Rapid Ethnography and Grounded Theory 150
6 Means Used to Overcome the Challenges 151
7 Conclusion and Contributions 152
8 Directions for Future Work 153
Acknowledgements 154
References 154
Human Factors in Design 157
12 Anatomically Shaped Tool Handles Designed for Power Grip 158
Abstract 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Design and Evaluation of Tool Handles 159
2.1 Evaluation Study I: Optimal Handle Shape Determination 160
2.1.1 Anthropometry Measurement 160
2.1.2 Comfort Assessment 161
2.1.3 Results and Discussion 162
2.2 Evaluation Study II: Anatomically Shaped Knife Handle 164
2.2.1 Prototype Development 164
2.2.2 Comfort Assessment 166
2.2.3 Results and Discussion 169
3 Conclusion and Future Work 169
References 170
13 Design Modularity in the Assistive Devices for the Elderly People 172
Abstract 172
1 Introduction 172
2 Disability Among the Elderly People 173
2.1 Common Causes of Disability 173
2.2 Some Factors Related to Extent of Disability 174
3 Assistive Devices and Technology 174
3.1 Wheelchair as an Assistive Device 176
4 Modularity and Its Need 176
4.1 Modular Tray 177
4.2 Leg Exerciser 178
4.3 Mobile Charging Unit 179
4.4 Vital Signs Monitoring Unit 180
5 Discussions 180
References 180
14 Wayfinding Challenges and Strategies in Mumbai Suburban Railway 183
Abstract 183
1 Introduction 183
2 Literature Review 184
3 Methodology 186
4 Findings 186
4.1 Wayfinding Challenges 187
4.2 Coping Strategies 189
4.3 Suggestions 192
5 Conclusion 193
References 193
15 Study of Wayfinding Behaviours in an Outdoor Environment 195
Abstract 195
1 Introduction 195
2 Method 197
2.1 Study Area 197
2.2 Participants 197
2.3 Experiment Design 197
2.4 Materials 197
2.5 Procedure 199
2.6 Recording and Observations 199
3 Results 200
3.1 Sense of Direction 200
3.2 Distance Travelled and Speed 201
3.3 Duration and Number of Stops 201
3.4 Direction Pointing 202
3.5 Difficulty Level of Exercises 202
3.6 Exercise Correlations 202
4 Discussion 204
5 Design Implications 205
References 206
16 Sense of Place—A Tale of Two Recreational Parks Near the Solani Aqueduct in Roorkee 207
Abstract 207
1 Introduction 207
1.1 Primal Landscape 209
1.2 Placelessness 209
2 Methodology 210
3 Solani Park, Roorkee 210
3.1 Physical Settings of the Parks 211
3.2 Questionnaire of the Survey 213
3.3 Findings of the Survey 214
4 Conclusion 215
References 216
17 Determination of Most Preferred Mobile Phone Size Based on Hand Anthropometry and Mobile Handiness 217
Abstract 217
1 Introduction 218
2 Methods 219
2.1 Selection of Mobile Phones 219
2.2 Participant 219
2.3 Hand Anthropometry 220
2.4 Measurement of Handiness and Mobile Size Preference 221
2.5 Procedure 221
3 Results 222
3.1 Correlations Among Hand Dimensions, Handiness and Mobile Preferences 222
3.2 Variations of Handiness and Mobile Phone Preference Scores 222
4 Discussion and Conclusion 224
5 Practical Implications 225
References 225
18 Ergonomic Evaluation and Customized Design of Toothbrush Handle 227
Abstract 227
1 Introduction 228
2 Methods 229
2.1 Subjects 229
2.2 Equipment 230
2.3 Experimental Design 230
3 Results and Discussion 233
3.1 Experimentation—Phase 1 233
3.2 Experimentation—Phase 2 235
4 Conclusion 238
5 Future Scope 238
References 238
19 Implementation of Ergonomic Design Interventions to Improve Workplace Amenities for Assam Policewomen 240
Abstract 240
1 Introduction 241
2 Methodology 241
3 Results and Discussion 243
4 Conclusion 249
References 250
20 Study on User-Interface Problem-Finding Based on Flow-Line Analysis 251
Abstract 251
1 Introduction 251
1.1 Listening Survey with Software Engineers 252
1.2 Method Development 253
1.3 Evaluation of Technique 255
2 Summary and Future Prospects 257
Acknowledgements 257
References 258
21 Managing User Experience (UX) Design Practice: Approaches and Considerations 259
Abstract 259
1 Introduction 260
1.1 History of Design Teams 260
2 Methodology 261
2.1 Designers Versus Non-designers 261
2.2 Context and Stage of Design Intervention 261
2.3 Personality Differences 262
3 Factors for Managing Design Teams 262
3.1 Practice Divide: Usability, Visual Design & Interaction Design
3.2 Educational Qualification 263
3.3 Work Experience 264
3.4 Project Management 264
3.5 Client Interaction 264
3.6 Creative Work Versus Repetitive Work 265
4 Design Management Interview Findings 265
4.1 Interview Findings 265
4.2 Aspects Identified 265
5 Tips for Design Managers 266
6 Conclusions 267
References 268
22 Constraints for Gamification of Data Intensive and Analytics Applications: A Case Study 269
Abstract 269
1 Introduction 270
1.1 History of Back-Office Application Design 270
2 What Is Gamification? 271
2.1 Definition of Gamification 271
2.2 Need and Importance of Gamification 271
2.3 Gamification Aspects 272
3 Approach 273
3.1 Can Gamification Be Used for Data Intensive Application Design? 274
3.2 Challenges for Use of Gamification for Data Intensive Application Design 274
4 Findings and Design Solution 276
4.1 Gamification Introduction into Application Design 276
4.2 Adaption of Achievement Framework to Workflow Based Application Design 276
4.3 Case Studies Where Gamification Failed 277
5 Conclusions 278
References 279
23 Risk Factors for the Development of Pressure Sores Among People with Spinal Cord Injury: Results of a Case Study 280
Abstract 280
1 Introduction 280
2 Literature Review 281
3 Setting and Methodology 281
4 Results 282
4.1 Demographic and SCI-Specific Characteristics 282
5 Discussion 283
6 Conclusion 287
7 Future Scope 288
Acknowledgements 288
References 288
24 Exploring Visual Response on Form Features of the Autorickshaw 291
Abstract 291
1 Introduction 292
2 Background 292
3 Methodology 293
3.1 Stimulus 294
3.2 Material 294
3.3 Procedure 294
3.4 Subjects 296
3.5 Detection Parameters 296
4 Analysis Scheme 296
4.1 Distribution of Visual Attention on Form Features (AOI) 296
4.2 Allocation of Visual Attention on AOI 297
4.3 Gridded Heat Map Analysis 298
5 Results and Discussion 299
References 300
25 Effect of Orientation and Position of Impact on the Lower Extremity Injuries During Car Pedestrian Crashes 301
Abstract 301
1 Introduction 301
2 Literature Survey 302
3 Model Validation Study 303
4 Numerical Evaluation 305
5 Results and Discussion 306
5.1 Ligament Strain Comparison During Oblique Impacts 308
6 Conclusion 310
References 310
26 Inclusive Personlization of User Interfaces 312
Abstract 312
1 Introduction 312
2 Literature Survey 313
3 The Simulator 315
4 User Modelling Web Service—Static Adaptation 318
5 Pointing Facilitation System—Dynamic Adaptation 319
6 Adaptive Geo Tagging and Visualization 320
7 Conclusions 321
References 322
Design for X (Safety, Manufacture & Assembly, Cost, Reliability etc.)
27 A Research and Design Initiative for the Informal Sector of Street Food Vending in India 325
Abstract 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Approach 326
3 Research 326
3.1 Methodology 326
3.2 Findings 327
4 Design Process 329
4.1 Preliminary and Secondary Concept Development 329
4.2 Final Design and Concept Refinement 330
5 Conclusion 332
Acknowledgements 332
References 332
28 Simulation of Roll Over Protective Structure Testing of Earth Moving Equipment Cabin 333
Abstract 333
1 Introduction 333
2 ROPS Testing Procedure According to ISO 3471 334
2.1 Definitions 334
2.1.1 ROPS 334
2.1.2 Machine Frame 334
2.1.3 DLV 335
2.1.4 LAP 335
2.2 Procedure 335
2.2.1 Lateral Loading 336
2.2.2 Vertical Loading 336
2.2.3 Longitudinal Loading 336
2.2.4 Acceptance Criteria 336
3 Experimental Work 337
4 Finite Element Analysis 338
4.1 Initial Analysis 338
4.2 Improved Method 339
5 Conclusion 341
Acknowledgements 342
References 342
29 Personal 3D Printer: Self-design and Manufacturing 343
Abstract 343
1 Introduction 344
2 The Independent User-Designer 345
2.1 The Design Process 346
3 The Readymade Products Market 350
3.1 The Cyber Space Market 350
3.2 Types of Users 351
4 Summary and Conclusions 352
References 353
30 An Initial Study of Function Switching for Design of Adaptable-Function Mechanical Products 355
Abstract 355
1 Introduction 356
2 Function Switching Characteristics of Adaptable-Function Mechanical Products 357
2.1 Model of Function Switching 357
2.2 Aggregated Interference Matrix 358
2.3 Interference Detection Based on Bounding Volume Boxes-Projection 359
3 Disassembly-Assembly Sequence Planning 360
4 Case Study and Discussion on Practical Applications 361
4.1 The Sequence Planning Problem 361
4.2 Generate the Optimized Sequence 361
5 Conclusion and Future Work 364
Acknowledgements 365
References 365
31 Development of an Adjustable Gang Drilling Attachment for Radial Drilling Machine 367
Abstract 367
1 Introduction 367
2 Literature Review 368
3 Design Methodology 369
3.1 Problem Identification 369
3.2 Possible Solutions 369
3.3 Construction of the Attachment 370
4 Design Details 372
5 Cad Model and Prototype of Attachment 373
6 Result 373
7 Conclusions 374
Acknowledgements 374
References 375
32 A Study on ‘Design Thinking’ for Constructability 376
Abstract 376
1 Introduction 376
2 Background 377
2.1 Point-Based Design Process 377
2.2 Set-Based Design Process 379
3 An Integration Framework for Design and Construction 380
4 Bridge Project Case Example 381
5 Discussions and Summary 382
References 384
33 Evaluating Modularity and Complexity of Alternate Product Architectures 386
Abstract 386
1 Introduction 386
2 Systems Modeling Language 387
3 Motivating Example 388
4 Evaluation of Indicators 391
4.1 Evaluation of Modularity 391
4.2 Evaluation of Complexity 392
5 Results 394
6 Conclusion 396
References 396
34 Parameter Management, a Novel Approach in Systems Engineering 397
Abstract 397
1 Introduction 397
2 Current Approaches in Systems Engineering 398
3 Approach of Parameter Management 399
3.1 Derivation of Parameter 400
3.2 Parameter Management, a Bottom-up Approach in Systems Engineering 401
4 Prototypical Implementation 402
4.1 Parameter Repository 403
4.2 Parameter Management Functions 404
4.3 Application Functions 405
5 Validation of the Approach 406
6 Outline 407
References 407
35 Optimal Assembly Sequence Planning Towards Design for Assembly Using Simulated Annealing Technique 410
Abstract 410
1 Introduction 411
2 Assembly Sequence Validation and Assembly Information Extraction 411
2.1 Liaison Extraction 412
2.2 Interference Matrix 413
2.3 Stability Matrix 415
2.4 Mechanical Feasibility Matrix 415
3 Simulated Annealing Technique 415
4 DFA Methodology to Reduce the Levels in the Assembly Sequence 417
5 Results and Discussions 418
6 Conclusion 419
References 419
36 Technological Assistance for Fall Among Aging Population: A Review 421
Abstract 421
1 Introduction 421
2 Methodology 422
3 Outcome 423
4 Discussion 428
References 429
37 Designing Static Visual Narratives as Prompts for Practising Creative Writing 432
Abstract 432
1 Introduction 432
2 Definitions 433
2.1 Writing Prompts 433
2.2 Static Visual Narratives 434
2.3 Creative Writing 434
3 Current Types of Writing Prompts 434
3.1 Low-Context Text-Only Prompts 434
3.2 High-Context Text-Only Prompts 434
3.3 Low-Context Text Prompts with Image Support 435
3.4 High-Context Text Prompts with Image Support 435
3.5 High-Context or Low-Context Image-Only Prompts 436
4 Desirable Features for Writing Prompts 436
4.1 The Writing Situation (Contextual Variables) 437
4.2 The Subject Matter (Content Variables) 437
4.3 The Wording of Both the Prompt and the Instructions (Linguistic Variables) 437
4.4 The Task(s) (Task Variables), Rhetorical Variables, and Evaluation Variables 437
5 Studies in Eliciting Narratives Through Images 438
5.1 ‘Prompting Narratives: The Kaavad Tradition’ [7] 438
5.2 ‘Eliciting Stories: Exploring Images as Prompts’ [8] 439
5.3 Other Studies in the Area 439
6 Towards Effective Image Prompts 440
7 For Further Study 441
References 442
38 Percolation Framework and Monte Carlo Techniques for Improved Probabilistic Design of Variability in Products and Systems 443
Abstract 443
1 Introduction 443
2 Variability Design Toolkit 445
2.1 Percolation Theory 446
2.2 Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) Routine 447
2.3 Variability Assessment Methodology 448
2.4 Probabilistic Design for Variability 449
3 Case Study: Thin Film Oxide Breakdown 449
3.1 Abstraction of the Oxide Film Breakdown Process 450
3.2 Identifying the Design Parameters 451
3.3 Analytical Model for Physical Mechanism 451
3.4 Simulation Results and Discussion 452
4 Applications of Proposed Methodology 453
5 Conclusions and Scope for Future Work 454
Acknowledgements 454
References 454
39 Welding Parameters Optimization in MMAW Assisted Nano-Structured Hardfacing Using Desirability Function Analysis Embedded with Taguchi Method 456
Abstract 456
1 Introduction 456
2 Experimentation 457
3 Multi-response Optimization Using DFA 459
4 Results and Discussion 460
5 Conclusions 462
References 462
Enabling Technologies & Tools (Computer Aided Conceptual Design, Virtual Reality, Haptics, etc)
40 Exploring Designers’ Cognitive Load When Viewing Different Digital Representations of Spaces: A Pilot Study 465
Abstract 465
1 Introduction 465
2 Background 466
2.1 Computational Representation 466
2.2 Designers’ Cognitive Load Increase Pupil Size 467
2.3 Eye Tracking 468
3 Experiment 468
4 Results 472
5 Conclusion 473
Acknowledgements 474
References 474
41 Framework of a KE Application Software Development for Emotive Design: A Computational Cognitive Science Perspective 476
Abstract 476
1 Introduction 477
2 Creativity 477
3 Kansei Engineering 478
3.1 Domain Specific Researches Based on Kansei Engineering 479
4 Methodology 481
5 System Ideation Considering Computational Cognitive Science 481
5.1 Development Process of CCS Based KE Application Software 482
5.2 System Framework 482
6 Conclusion 484
References 484
42 A Real Time Automatic Ergonomic Measure in Identifying Postural Deviation for the Assessment of Manual Assembly 486
Abstract 486
1 Introduction 486
2 Background 487
2.1 Working Postures 487
2.2 Automated Data Acquisition 488
3 Experimental System 488
3.1 Details of System Usage 488
3.2 Prerequisite Steps 490
3.3 Setup 490
3.4 Experimental Procedure 491
4 Output, Results and Discussions 492
4.1 Output of Tracked Data of Various Subjects 492
4.2 Results and Discussion 493
5 Conclusions 494
Acknowledgements 495
References 495
43 Role of Human Computer Interaction in Building the User Interaction Layer for Citizen Facing Government Websites 496
Abstract 496
1 Introduction 497
2 Study of the Existing Government Websites 498
2.1 Quantitative Analysis 499
2.2 Qualitative Analysis 500
3 Analysis of the Findings 500
3.1 User Needs (Table 2: 3, 10, 14) 500
3.2 User Experience, User Interaction and Usability of Site (Table 1: 4, 5, 11, 13) 501
3.3 Information Content (Table 1:1, 2:1, 3:4) 502
3.4 Information Architecture (Table 2:1, Table 3: 4) 502
3.5 Information Management (Table 3:5) 503
4 Methodology Adopted by the Government of Assam 503
4.1 Establishment of Institutional Mechanism for Websites 503
4.2 Constitution of an Expert Committee with Experts Drawn from Department of Design, IIT Guwahati 503
4.3 ‘Standardized Website Framework’ for the Government of Assam Web-Sites 503
4.4 Capability Building 504
4.5 Validation 505
5 Conclusion and Recommendations 506
References 507
44 Virtual Ergonomics Evaluation of a Design Concept of Manual Powered Portable Paddy Thresher Suitable for Hilly Region Agriculture 509
Abstract 509
1 Introduction 510
2 Methodology Followed 511
2.1 Creation of Digital Human Models and Rendering of Comfort Posture 511
2.2 Generation of Digital Prototype of Pedal Thresher 511
2.3 Virtual Product Development 512
2.4 Interfacing Digital Human Models with the Virtual Paddy Thresher 514
3 Concept Product Evaluations 514
3.1 Working Posture Assessment 514
3.2 Biomechanical Analysis 514
4 Discussions and Conclusion 516
References 517
45 Demonstrating the Effectiveness of Olfactory Stimuli on Drivers’ Attention 519
Abstract 519
1 Introduction 519
2 Related Works 520
2.1 Driver-Assistance Systems—DAS 520
2.2 Physiological Measurements of Attention Level 521
2.3 Olfaction and Scent Simulation 521
3 Research Hypotheses and Experimental Framework 522
3.1 Acquisition of Physiological Data 523
3.2 Experimental Framework Setup 524
4 Analysis of the Results 525
5 Conclusion 526
References 528
46 ICT Technology for Innovating the Garment Design Process in Fashion Industry 530
Abstract 530
1 Introduction 531
2 Related Works 532
2.1 Garment Design Process in the Fashion Industry 532
2.2 Methods and Tools for 3D Shape Acquisition and Body Motion Tracking 532
2.3 Virtual Prototyping of Clothes 533
3 Research Hypotheses and Experimental Framework 534
4 Case Study 535
4.1 Acquisition of Customer’s Body and Movements 535
4.2 Development of Virtual Prototypes 536
5 Conclusion 539
References 540
47 Art of Designing an e-Art Gallery 541
Abstract 541
1 Introduction 542
2 Methodology 542
2.1 Research Methodology and Data Collection 542
2.1.1 Competitor Analysis 542
2.1.2 Identifying Users 543
2.1.3 Individual Interviews 543
2.2 Strategy Building and Defining Scope 544
2.2.1 User Persona Creation 544
2.2.2 User Journey Map 544
2.2.3 Requirement Analysis 544
2.2.4 Defining Information Architecture 546
2.2.5 Minimum Viable Product (MVP) 546
3 Insights from the Study 546
3.1 Art Galleries Do More Than Selling Art 546
3.2 Price Estimation 547
3.3 Product Realization Helps the User to Make Decision 548
4 Conclusion and Directions for Future Work 549
Acknowledgements 550
References 550
48 A Study on Product Display Using Eye-Tracking Systems 551
Abstract 551
1 Introduction 551
2 Goal 552
3 Methodology 552
3.1 Eye-Tracking Data 552
3.2 Interviews and Questionnaires 553
3.3 Participants 553
3.4 Subject of Research 554
3.5 Procedure 554
4 Result 555
4.1 Interview 555
4.2 Eye-Tracking Data 556
4.3 Line of the Eye Movement 558
4.4 Comparison of Japanese and Foreigners 558
5 Conclusion 559
References 559
49 Embedding Design Descriptions Using Lattice Structures: Technical Requirements, User Perspectives and Implementation 560
Abstract 560
1 Introduction 561
2 Methodology 562
3 Embedding Using Lattice Structures 563
3.1 Lattice Theory 563
3.2 Technical Requirements for Lattice-Based Embedding 563
4 User Perspectives 565
5 Results and Discussion 567
6 Conclusions 568
Acknowledgements 569
References 569
Design Management, Knowledge Management and Product Life Cycle Management, Design Analytics 570
50 Exploring Grassroots Innovation Practices and Relationships to Drivers of Start-Up Success in a Multicultural Context 571
Abstract 571
1 Introduction 571
2 Grassroots Innovation 572
2.1 Beginning of a System of Institutional Support for Grassroots 573
2.2 Techno Innovations to Techno Business Incubation 573
2.3 Interventions for Grassroots Innovations—Case Studies 573
3 Methodology 574
4 Indian Innovation 574
4.1 Chaneki 574
4.2 Concept Generation 575
4.3 Product Details 575
4.4 Value Addition 576
4.5 Value Addition in Bobbin 577
4.6 Value Addition in Magnet 577
4.7 Value Addition in Magnet Bearing Shaft and Holding Assembly 578
4.8 Diffusion 579
4.9 Role of Technology Business Incubation 579
4.10 Financial Support 579
4.11 Problem, Challenge and Future 580
5 Wales Innovation 580
5.1 Wales Innovator’s Background 580
5.2 Concept Generation 580
5.3 Product Detailing 581
5.4 Role of Technology Business Incubation 581
5.5 Financial Support 583
5.6 Problems, Challenge and Future 583
5.7 Diffusion 583
6 Comparisons 583
7 Conclusion 584
Acknowledgements 585
References 585
51 Methods to Capture and Model Craftsmen’s Tacit Knowledge in Traditional Designs 586
Abstract 586
1 Introduction 587
2 Literature Review 587
3 Methodology 592
4 Results and Discussions 593
5 Inferences and Conclusions 595
Acknowledgements 595
References 595
52 Adaptable Mechatronic Engineering Design Processes: Process Reference Model and Methodology 597
Abstract 597
1 Introduction 598
2 Theoretical Background 599
3 Research Setting and Approach 600
4 Reference Model and Methodology 601
4.1 High-level Reference Model 601
4.2 Methodology for Process Adaption and Concretization 603
5 Discussion 605
6 Summary and Outlook 606
References 606
53 Design Process Tailoring: A Review and Perspective on the Literature 608
Abstract 608
1 Introduction and Motivation 608
2 Background and Fundamentals 609
2.1 Engineering Design Process 609
2.2 Process Tailoring 610
3 Research Methodology 610
4 Results 613
5 Discussion 613
6 Outlook 614
References 614
54 UX in ‘Practice’ for Starters—A Guided and Simplified Approach to Live Projects in the Industry 618
Abstract 618
1 Introduction 618
2 Background 619
3 Methodology 620
4 The Guided Approach: UX and the Industry Context 621
4.1 Knowing Your Project, Team and Your Role—The Project Ecosystem 622
4.1.1 Key Stakeholders 622
4.1.2 Stakeholders Network and Relationships 622
4.1.3 User and Customers 622
4.1.4 Project Plan 624
4.1.5 Role of UX Designers 625
4.1.6 Types of Projects 625
5 Step-by-Step Direction: UX Design Delivery 626
5.1 Process Kit and Checklists—UX Design Attitude 626
5.1.1 Discover Phase 626
5.1.2 Define Phase 627
5.1.3 Design Phase 627
5.1.4 Develop Phase 628
5.1.5 Deploy Phase 628
5.1.6 Drive Phase 628
5.2 Inputs, Activities and Deliverables—UX Process Breakups 628
5.3 Goals of Key Deliverables 629
6 Self-check Quality Indicators: Measuring Design Quality 630
7 Conclusion 630
References 631
55 Formation of Inter-subjectivity as a Basis of Sustainable Collaborative Innovation 632
Abstract 632
1 Introduction 632
1.1 Research Background 632
1.2 Research Subject 633
1.3 Paper Structure 633
2 Methodology 634
2.1 Outline 634
2.2 Definition of Co-creation 635
2.3 Formation of Inter-subjectivity Among Individuals 635
2.4 Boundary Object 637
2.5 Context 637
3 Application to Innovation Ecosystem Design 638
3.1 Design Methodology for Innovation Ecosystem 638
3.2 Practical Experiments 639
3.3 Results and Discussion 640
4 Conclusion 640
References 641
56 Engineering Change Management Within Agile Product Development—A Case Study 642
Abstract 642
1 Introduction and Motivation 642
2 Methodology 643
3 State of the Art 643
3.1 Engineering Change Management 644
3.2 Agile Project Management 644
4 Workflow for Managing Engineering Changes Within an Agile Framework 645
5 Case Study 647
6 Conclusion and Outlook 650
References 650
57 A Time Based Approach to Reduce Product Development Time in New Product Development in Machinery Industry 652
Abstract 652
1 Introduction 653
2 Major Challenges in Design of Machinery 653
2.1 Lead Time of Bought-Out Components 654
2.2 Interdependent Activities 654
2.3 Iterations 654
2.4 Uncertainty over Constraints 654
2.5 Control over Costs, Dimensions and Weight of the Machine 654
3 The Process 655
3.1 Concept Development 656
3.2 Identify Major Bought-Out Components 656
3.3 Involve Suppliers at Early Stage 656
3.4 Prioritize Based on Lead Time 657
3.5 Apply Design Structure Matrix (DSM) 657
3.6 Design Process 657
4 Benefits of Implementation 660
5 Conclusions 661
Acknowledgments 661
References 661
58 Consumer Preferences and Value Proposition Disconnect—Assam Rattan and Bamboo Furniture Industry 663
Abstract 663
1 Introduction 664
2 Research Methodology 667
3 Key Findings and Discussions 668
4 Conclusion 673
Acknowledgements 674
Appendix 674
References 674
59 Exploring the Purchase Experience of Assam Silk as a Memento Among the Tourists to Strengthen the Bond Between Visitors and Native People 676
Abstract 676
1 Introduction 677
2 Methodology 678
3 Results and Discussion 679
3.1 Demographic Data of Tourists Visiting Silk Shops 679
3.2 Tourist View on Silk Shops 679
3.3 Direct Observation of Shops 680
3.4 Views of Sellers 681
3.5 Views of Sellers 681
3.6 Concept Generation for a Silk Promotion Hub 681
4 Conclusion 685
Acknowledgements 685
References 685
60 Towards an Automatized Generation of Rule-Based Systems for Architecting Eco-Industrial Parks 687
Abstract 687
1 Introduction 688
2 Problem Formulation 689
3 Literature Survey 690
4 Proposed Research Approach 693
5 Conclusions 693
References 694
61 Participatory Innovation in SMEs: Innov’ensemble Project 696
Abstract 696
1 Introduction 696
2 State of the Art and Research Objectives 697
2.1 Objectives of the Study 697
2.2 Management of Innovation 698
2.3 Models of Innovation Process 698
2.4 Participatory Innovation 699
2.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Participatory Innovation 699
3 Research Issues 700
4 Methods 700
4.1 Overall Strategy 700
5 Experiments 701
6 Results and Generalization 703
6.1 Global Process 703
6.2 Continuous Improvement 704
7 Conclusion 705
References 706
62 A Software Tool for the Graph-Based Visualization of Complex Relations Between Product Properties and Characteristics 707
Abstract 707
1 Introduction 707
1.1 Problem Statement and Motivation 707
1.2 Objectives 708
2 State of the Art and Related Work 708
2.1 Matrix Based Product Model 708
2.2 Selected Tools for the Visualization of Product Models 709
3 A Concept for a Tool for the Visualization of Relations Between Characteristics and Properties 711
3.1 Overall View of All Relations 711
3.2 Partial View of the Relations Between Characteristics or Properties 712
3.3 Partial View of the Relations Between Characteristics and Properties 713
4 Practical Application of the Visualization Tool 714
4.1 Description of the Tool and Input 714
4.2 Practical Application of the Tool in Use Cases 714
5 Findings, Conclusion and Outlook 717
Acknowledgements 717
References 717
63 Challenges and Some Potential Strategies for Relating Engineering Issues with Their Causes in Text 719
Abstract 719
1 Introduction 719
1.1 Issues and Their Causes 720
1.2 Logical Form of Text 720
2 Methods in Literature 721
3 Causes of Issues—An Observational Study 722
4 Example Strategies to Identify Causality 723
4.1 Patterns in Text 725
5 Conclusions and Future Work 728
Acknowledgements 728
References 728
64 Unlocking Design Teams’ Experimentation and Go-No-Go Decision-Making: Case Study on Bangle Packaging Design Project 730
Abstract 730
1 Introduction 731
2 Research Methodology 731
3 Packaging Design Project Description 732
4 Theoretical Framework 732
5 Combined IP-SR-GP Theoretical Model 733
5.1 Inquiry Propagation [IP] 733
5.2 Search Representation of a Problem [SR] 734
5.3 Gestalt School of Psychology [GP] 734
5.4 Combined IP-SR-GP Theoretical Model 735
6 Application of PRETAR Framework to Design Project 735
6.1 Analysis [A] and Reporting [R] 736
6.2 Inquiry Propagation [IP] 736
6.3 Search Representation of a Problem [SR] 737
6.4 Understanding Go-No-Go Decision-Making 737
6.5 Gestalt School of Psychology [GP] 740
6.5.1 Patterns Found During Experimentation Process 740
6.5.2 Patterns Found During Decision-Making 740
7 Evaluation of Combined IP-SR-GP Theoretical Model 740
8 Summary 741
Acknowledgements 741
References 742
65 Domain Specific Named Entity Extraction for Modeling and Populating Ontologies 743
Abstract 743
1 Introduction 744
2 Literature Review 745
3 Extraction of Domain Concepts from Texts 746
3.1 Extraction of Device Concept 746
3.2 Extraction of Material Concept 748
3.3 Extraction of Manufacturing Process Concept 750
4 Conclusions and Discussion 751
References 752
Applications in Practice (Automotive, Aerospace, Biomedical Devices, MEMS, etc.) 753
66 Design Intervention for Terrace Cultivation in the Hilly Region of North Eastern India 754
Abstract 754
1 Introduction 754
2 Jhum or Slash and Burn Cultivation 755
3 Terrace Cultivation 756
4 Irrigation System for Terrace Cultivation 756
5 Terrace Forming Processes 756
5.1 Design Specifications 757
5.2 Construction Methods and Tools 758
6 Spade Design for Terrace Formation 758
6.1 Prototype Testing and Comparative Analysis 760
6.2 Results 762
7 Observations and Limitations of the Experiment 762
8 Conclusion 763
References 763
67 Development of a Precision Experimental Setup for a Flexure Based Micro-motion Amplifier 765
Abstract 765
1 Introduction 765
2 Compliant Pantograph 766
3 Assembly Considerations 767
3.1 Selecting the Plane of Operation 767
3.2 Selecting the Support for Planar Mechanism 768
4 Manufacturing Considerations 769
4.1 Preprocessing of the Desired Stock 769
4.2 Manufacturing of Mechanism Using WEDM 770
4.3 Development of Experimental Setup 771
4.4 Testing of a Compliant Pantograph 772
4.5 Modifications of Experimental Setup 773
5 Inferences 774
5.1 Inferences Drawn from Assembly Developed 774
5.2 Inferences Drawn from Manufacturing Process Undertaken 774
5.3 Inferences Drawn from the Measurement System Undertaken 775
6 Setup Developed 775
7 Results and Utility 776
Acknowledgements 776
References 776
68 Advanced Piston Technologies for Gasoline and Diesel Engine Applications to Meet EU6 Emission Norms 778
Abstract 778
1 Introduction 779
1.1 Engine Exhaust System 779
1.2 Emission Norms 780
2 Vehicle Emissions and Control Strategies 781
2.1 In-Cylinder Control 781
2.2 After-Treatment Control 782
2.3 Applicability of Different Technologies for Gasoline Engines 782
2.4 Applicability of Different Technologies for Diesel Engine 783
3 Piston Assembly 784
3.1 Piston Design Considerations 784
3.2 Piston Ring Design Considerations 786
4 Conclusions 788
References 788
69 Design and Development of a Novel Sit-to-Stand and Mobility Assistive Device for Ambulation and Elderly 789
Abstract 789
1 Introduction 789
2 Design of a Novel Mobility Assistive Device 791
2.1 Design for Automated Lifting 791
2.2 Design for Support Structures 794
2.3 Design for Mobility Assistance 795
3 Implementation 795
4 Rapid Upper Limb Assessment 795
5 Conclusion 797
Acknowledgements 798
References 798
70 Physiological Effects of Backpack Packing, Wearing and Carrying on School Going Children 800
Abstract 800
1 Introduction 801
1.1 Pack It Well 803
1.2 Put It on in an Appropriate Manner 803
1.3 Adjust and Carry 804
2 Methodology 804
3 Results 805
4 Discussions 807
5 Conclusions 808
Acknowledgements 808
References 808
71 Methodical Product Development in Medical Engineering—A Case Study on Radiography Systems 810
Abstract 810
1 Introduction 811
2 Methods 812
3 Results 815
3.1 Concept Design 815
3.2 Floor Profile Design 815
4 Discussion 819
5 Conclusion and Outlook 819
Acknowledgements 819
References 820
72 Structural Optimisation of Wind Turbine Gearbox Deployed in Non-conventional Energy Generation 821
Abstract 821
1 Introduction 821
1.1 Wind Turbine Gearbox 822
2 Details of Experimentation 823
2.1 CAD Design and ANSYS Simulation 823
2.2 Taguchi Design 824
2.3 Genetic Algorithm Based Optimization 826
2.4 Hybrid Supervised Learning Adeline 826
2.5 Neural Network 828
3 Result and Discussion 833
4 Conclusion 833
References 834
73 Driver Distraction: Methodological Review 835
Abstract 835
1 Introduction 835
1.1 Driver Distraction and Its Causes 836
2 Various Driving Performance Measures 837
3 Driver Distraction Measurement Techniques 838
3.1 On-Road and Test-Track Studies (Naturalistic Studies) 838
3.2 Driving Simulator Studies 838
3.3 Visual Behavior for Distraction Measurement 839
3.4 Visual Occlusion Technique 839
3.5 Lane Change Test (LCT) Technique 840
3.6 Peripheral Detection Task (PDT) Studies 841
4 Advantages and Limitations of Various Studies 841
5 Conclusion 842
References 843
74 Weight Reduction of FSAE Vehicle Using TRIZ Principle 846
Abstract 846
1 Introduction 846
2 TRIZ Method and Review 847
2.1 TRIZ Framework 847
2.2 Contradiction Analysis 847
2.3 Review 849
3 Design Methodology for Frame 849
4 Weight Reduction Problem Analysis Using TRIZ 850
4.1 Design Objective and Ideal Final Result(IFR) 851
4.2 Multi Objective Optimization Using TRIZ 851
5 Results and Discussion 851
6 Conclusion 854
References 854
75 Design of Quick Jack and Push Bar Using TRIZ Principle 856
Abstract 856
1 Introduction 856
2 Literature Review 857
3 Triz 858
4 Design Methodology for Quick Jack and Push Bar 860
4.1 Design Objective 860
4.2 Ideal Final Result 860
5 Triz Principles and Contradiction Matrix 860
6 Discussion 864
7 Conclusion 865
References 865
76 Improving Aid Through Good Design: A Case Study in Rural Zambia 866
Abstract 866
1 Introduction 866
2 Background 867
3 Project Design 868
3.1 Participant Recruitment 869
4 Findings 869
4.1 Contextual Study 869
4.2 Ideation, Creation and User Testing 871
4.3 Reflections 873
5 Discussion 873
6 Study Limitations 875
7 Conclusions 875
8 Ethical Approval 876
Acknowledgements 876
References 876
77 Degree of Musculoskeletal Pain and Other Discomforts Experienced by School Children Using Different Type of Furniture During Class 878
Abstract 878
1 Introduction 878
1.1 General Introduction 878
1.2 Aim and Objectives 879
1.3 Hypothesis 879
1.4 Delimitations 879
1.5 Assumptions 880
1.6 Exclusion Criteria 880
1.7 Significance of the Study 880
2 Materials and Methods 880
2.1 Study Design 880
2.2 Study Setting 881
2.3 Study Location 881
2.4 Sampling 881
2.4.1 Inclusion Criteria 881
2.4.2 Exclusion Criteria 882
2.5 Methodology 882
2.5.1 Classroom Furniture Measurements 882
2.5.2 Musculoskeletal Pain 882
2.5.3 The Faces Pain Scale 882
2.6 Statistical Treatment 882
3 Results and Discussions 883
4 Findings and Conclusions 887
References 887
78 Machining Optimization of Nano-structured Hardfaced Tool Insert in WEDM Using MOORA Method 889
Abstract 889
1 Introduction 890
2 Experimentation 891
2.1 Experimental Setup 891
2.2 Experimental Results 892
3 Multi-response Optimization Using MOORA Method Coupled with Principal Component Analysis 893
3.1 Multi-objective Optimization on the Basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) 893
3.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 895
4 Results and Discussion 896
4.1 Multi-response Optimization: Hybrid Approach 896
5 Conclusions 900
References 901
79 Insights from User Testing of Jellow: A Communication Aid for Children with Developmental Disabilities 902
Abstract 902
1 Introduction 903
1.1 Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC) Systems: Types and Functions 903
1.2 Current Trends in AAC Usage in India and Indigenous AAC Systems 904
1.3 Gaps in AAC Research in India and Background of the Current Project 905
2 Methods 906
2.1 Participants 906
2.2 Study Procedure 906
2.3 Behavioral Coding 907
2.4 Qualitative Data Analysis 907
3 Results 907
3.1 Quantitative Data 907
3.2 Qualitative Data 909
4 Discussion 911
4.1 Summary of Insights from Usability Testing 911
4.2 Recommendations 911
5 Conclusions 912
References 912
Design Collaboration and Communication 914
80 Interactional Differences and Effects Between Collocated and Distributed Design 915
Abstract 915
1 Introduction 916
2 Understanding Differences Between Collocated and Distributed Design 917
3 Research Questions and Methodology 919
4 Results 920
4.1 Multimodal Interactions 920
4.2 Variety of Tool Combinations 921
4.3 Overall Tool Combinations Across Design Stages 923
4.4 Representation of Sketches and Design Quantities 923
5 Discussion and Future Work 924
References 925
81 Mapping Chandernagore: A Collaborative Approach to Heritage Conservation 927
Abstract 927
1 Introduction 927
1.1 Heritage and Ownership 928
1.2 Heritage Conservation and the Digital World 928
2 Chandernagore: A Case for Conservation 929
2.1 Heritage and People of Chandernagore 929
2.2 Challenges and Strategic Solutions 930
2.3 Strategic Approach to Heritage Conservation 930
3 Mapping Heritage and People of Chandernagore 931
3.1 Major Groundwork for Project 932
3.2 Engagement Activities for School Children 933
3.3 Community Engagement Events 934
3.4 Website for Dynamic Mapping 936
4 Assessing the Project 937
4.1 Success Markers 937
4.2 Further Efforts 937
5 Conclusion: Learning from Project 938
References 938
82 Exploring Distributed Cognition as a Conceptual Framework for Service Design 940
Abstract 940
1 Introduction 940
2 Related Work 941
2.1 Distributed Cognition (DC) 942
2.2 Human-Centeredness and Co-design of Services 943
2.3 Human-Centered Design and Distributed Cognition 943
2.4 Design Theories and Externalization 943
3 Motivation and Objective of Research 944
4 Case Study Observations 945
4.1 Domain Familiarization and Data Collection as Part of User Research 946
4.2 Creating Personas and Identifying Key Scenarios 946
4.3 Creating Customer Journey Map (CJM) 946
4.4 Mapping of Design Patterns to Customer Journey Map 948
4.5 Ideation and Affinity of Generated Ideas 949
4.6 Insights Consolidation and Sharing 949
4.7 Revisiting the Team to Understand Longitudinal Effect 949
5 Proposed Actionable Recommendations 950
6 Conclusion and Future Direction 951
References 952
83 From Design Thinking to Design Doing—A Procedural Approach Creating Socially Responsive Artifacts—A Case of Designing Towards Affordable Dental Care (for India) 954
Abstract 954
1 Introduction 955
1.1 Identification of the Problem Area 955
1.2 Understanding the Context of the Problem 956
1.3 Primary Research for Researchers Standpoint 956
1.4 Understanding Needs with the User 956
2 Research Summary 957
2.1 Purposes and Aim of the Research 958
3 Research Method—A Designer’s Toolset to Innovate 958
3.1 Learning by Doing Through Different Stages of Prototyping 959
3.2 Researchers Standpoint and Redefining the Need Statement (Problem Statement) 959
4 Final Prototype of the Proposed Dental Chair 962
4.1 Final Product Description 963
4.2 User Testing 965
5 Conclusions 965
5.1 Product Development Process 965
6 Future Scope 966
6.1 Product Scope 966
6.2 Cost 966
Acknowledgements 967
References 967
84 Collaborative Research Model for Designing Sustainable Water Usage Solutions 968
Abstract 968
1 Background 968
2 Introduction 969
3 Design Process 970
3.1 Design Thinking Process 970
3.2 Secondary Research 971
3.3 Field Research 971
3.4 Design, Development and User Testing 973
4 Reflections 977
4.1 Research Collaboration and Parachute Design 977
4.2 Designing for Two Cultures 978
5 Conclusions 978
Acknowledgements 978
References 979
85 Design Intervention in the Handloom Industry of Assam: In the Context of a Debate Between Traditional and Contemporary Practice 980
Abstract 980
1 Introduction 981
2 Background Study 981
2.1 Handloom Culture and Its Importance 981
2.2 The History of Hand-Woven Culture 982
2.3 Designers and Weavers 982
2.4 Design Intervention and Its Influence 982
2.5 Objectives of the Study 984
3 Methodology 984
4 Ethnographic Research 984
5 Need Identification 985
6 Observation and Discussion 986
7 Conclusion 987
References 987
86 Media Representation: Design for Positive Imaging 988
Abstract 988
1 Introduction 989
1.1 Expression of Violence Through Media 989
2 Methodology 990
3 Results and Discussion 991
3.1 Conflict Reporting and Peace Journalism 992
3.2 Summarised Findings of the Study 993
3.3 Media Strategies Lacking Efforts 994
3.4 Positive Imaging Through Media Representations: Context and Feasibility 995
3.5 Towards Positive Imaging 995
3.6 Consequence and Relevance 997
3.7 Consumers Shift from Traditional Media Captivity to Multi-source Information 998
3.8 Innovative Experimentations Against Violence Representation Practice 999
3.9 Unconventional Representation for Inclusive Reporting 999
3.10 Identity Retention Through Media 1000
3.11 Design for Positive Imaging and Community Well Being 1000
4 Conclusion 1001
References 1003
87 Past, Present and Future of Collaborative Design: From User Centric to User Driven Design 1005
Abstract 1005
1 Introduction 1006
2 Trajectory of Design Frameworks 1007
2.1 Six Design Frameworks 1008
3 Design Discourse on Changing Collaboration 1008
3.1 Changing “Centrality”: User and Social Concern 1008
3.2 Changing Role, Participation and Process 1011
3.3 Changing Design Intervention 1012
4 Assemblage Towards Community of Design Practice 1013
5 Conclusion 1013
References 1015
88 Decision-Making Support in Engineering Design Based on Collaborative Dashboards: Integration of Business Intelligence Techniques 1017
Abstract 1017
1 Introduction 1018
2 Context and State of the Art 1018
2.1 PLM and ERP as Rich Company’s Data Sources 1018
2.2 KPI’s/PI’s Extraction from Company’s Data 1019
2.3 Data Visualization and Dashboarding 1020
2.4 Business Intelligence Approach: Techniques and Main Components 1021
2.5 Collaborative Engineering 1021
3 A Framework for Piloting Collaborative Engineering Tasks: From Raw Data to Decision Support Using Dashboards 1022
4 Case Study 1024
4.1 Prototype Structure 1024
4.2 Dashboards Building and KPI’s Visualization: Experimental Results 1025
5 Conclusion and Future Work 1025
Acknowledgements 1026
References 1026
Author Index 1028