Sustainable Aviation (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Alternative and Sustainable Energy 10
1 Power Flow Application on an Air Vehicle Electrical Power System 11
Abstract 11
1.1 Introduction 11
1.2 MEA Power System 12
1.3 Bus Types 13
1.4 Newton–Raphson Load Flow Technique 14
1.5 Results and Discussion 15
1.6 Conclusions 16
References 16
2 Investigation of Renewable Energy Sources for Airports 18
Abstract 18
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Energy Needs for Airport 19
2.3 Renewable Energy Sources 20
2.3.1 Wind Energy 20
2.3.2 Solar Energy 21
2.3.3 Geothermal Energy 21
2.3.4 Biomass Energy 21
2.4 Renewable Energy Sources in the Airports 21
2.5 Conclusions 22
References 22
3 Investigation of the Effect of Canola Methyl Ester on Cyclic Variation Using Wavelet Analysis Method 24
Abstract 24
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Wavelet Analysis Method 26
3.3 Experiments 28
3.3.1 Biodiesel Production 28
3.3.2 Engine Test 28
3.3.3 Wavelet Analysis Method 29
3.4 Results 31
References 31
4 A Comprehensive Review: Ecodesign Approaches with the Use of Sustainable Textiles in Aviation Industry 33
Abstract 33
4.1 Sustainability Issues in Aviation and Textile Industry 33
4.1.1 Sustainability in Aviation Industry 34
4.1.2 Sustainability in Textile Industry 34
4.1.3 Research Gap: Design and Use of Sustainable Textiles within Aviation Industry 35
4.1.4 Aircraft Textiles and Green Aviation Initiatives 35
4.2 Ecodesign Approaches 36
4.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 37
4.2.2 “Design for X” (DfX) Approach 38
4.3 Conclusion 40
References 40
5 Supportable, Sustainable, and Affordable Air Platforms 42
Abstract 42
5.1 Introduction 42
5.2 Supportability, Sustainability, and Affordability 43
5.3 Product Life Cycle 44
5.4 Life Cycle Cost (LCC) 44
5.5 Integrated Logistics Support (ILS) 46
5.6 ASD ILS Suite Map 47
5.7 Conclusion 48
References 48
6 Consumer Affect and Type of Water Recycling Projects: Implementation at Airports 49
Abstract 49
6.1 Introduction 49
6.2 Methodology 51
6.3 Results and Discussion 52
6.4 Discussion 53
6.5 Conclusion 55
References 55
7 Sustainable Aviation Applications in Turkey: Energy Efficiency at Airport Terminals 56
Abstract 56
7.1 Introduction 56
7.2 Results and Discussion 57
7.2.1 Thermal Camera Analyses 58
7.2.2 Solar Reflective Material 58
7.2.3 Highspeed Doors 61
7.2.4 Thermal Stratification 61
7.3 Conclusion 63
References 63
8 Investigation of the Vehicle Application of Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Systems 64
Abstract 64
8.1 Introduction 64
8.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems 66
8.3 Power Management Unit in the Hybrid Systems 67
8.3.1 Drivetrain 67
8.3.2 Converters 68
8.3.3 Power Management 69
8.3.4 Source Selection 71
8.4 Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Systems 71
8.4.1 Energy Management on Hybrid Vehicles 72
8.4.1.1 Energy System Configuration on FC-Based Hybrid Vehicles 73
8.4.2 Bidirectional DC–DC Converters 75
8.4.2.1 Nonisolated Converters 77
8.4.2.2 Isolated Converters 78
8.4.3 Multi-Phased DC–DC Converters 78
8.4.3.1 Nonisolated Multi-Phased Converters 78
8.4.3.2 Isolated Multi-Phased DC–DC Converters 80
8.5 Liquid-Fed Fuel Cell-Battery Operated Hybrid Systems 81
8.5.1 Active DLFC System 81
8.5.2 Passive DLFC Systems 83
8.6 Hybrid Vehicle Applications 84
8.6.1 Buddy El-Jet Hydrogen Fuel Cell Li-Ion Battery Operated Hybrid Vehicle 84
8.6.1.1 Power Management 84
8.6.1.2 Road Drive Tests 85
8.6.2 Prototype Hydrogen—Electric Hybrid Microcab H2EV Vehicle 87
8.6.2.1 Power Management 88
8.6.2.2 Road Drive 89
8.6.3 Norwegian Buddy El-Jet Hybrid System 89
8.6.3.1 Power Management 90
8.6.3.2 Drive Tests 91
8.6.4 Mini Train Hybrid System 92
8.6.4.1 Power Management 92
8.6.4.2 Drive Test 93
8.7 Conclusion 94
Acknowlegments 95
References 95
9 Design of Solid State High Power Amplifiers for Leo Satellite Communication Systems 98
Abstract 98
9.1 Introduction 98
9.2 Process Selection 99
9.3 Architecture Selection 101
9.4 Power and Linearity Performance 102
9.5 Matching Network 104
9.6 Conclusions 105
References 106
10 Different Efficiency Calculations of a Combined Cycle Power Plant 107
Abstract 107
10.1 Introduction 108
10.2 Different Efficiency Definitions 109
10.2.1 Thermal Efficiency (?T) 109
10.2.2 Carnot Efficiency (?C) 110
10.2.3 Curzon-Ahlborn Efficiency (?CA) 110
10.2.4 Caputo Efficiency (?CPT) 110
10.2.5 Exergetic Efficiency (?Ex) 112
10.3 Required Data of Power Plant 113
10.4 Results of Efficiency Calculations 113
10.5 Conclusion 116
References 116
11 Sustainability Assessment in Piston-Prop Helicopter Engine 117
Abstract 117
11.1 Introduction 118
11.2 Method 121
11.2.1 Waste Exergy Ratio 121
11.2.2 Exergy Destruction Factor 122
11.2.3 Environmental Impact Factor 122
11.2.4 Exergetic Sustainability Index 122
11.3 Conclusion 123
References 125
12 Energy Efficiency Study on Air-Cooled Condensers 126
Abstract 126
12.1 Introduction 127
12.2 Design Data Pertaining to the Factors Affecting the Performance of Condensers 127
12.2.1 The Effect of Condensation Temperature on Capacity 128
12.2.2 Effect of Fin Geometry on Capacity 130
12.2.3 Effect of Air Velocity on Capacity 131
12.2.4 The Effect of Grooved Tubes on Capacity 131
12.2.5 Effect of Fan Selection on Capacity and Noise Level and Control Options 132
12.2.5.1 Two Speed Fans 132
12.2.5.2 Use of Frequency Inverters and Step Control Units 134
12.2.5.3 EC Fans 135
12.3 Use of Free Cooling in Cooling Units with Air-Cooled Condensers 136
12.4 Standards and Energy Classification in Air-Cooled Condensers 138
12.5 Conclusion 140
References 141
Modelling, Planning and Optimization in Aviation 142
13 Multi-objective Optimization of a Two-Stage Micro-turbine for Combined Heat and Power Production 143
Abstract 143
13.1 Introduction 143
13.2 Cycle Modeling 144
13.3 Thermodynamic Modeling 145
13.3.1 Compressor Modeling 145
13.3.1.1 First-Stage Compressor 145
13.3.1.2 Second-Stage Compressor 146
13.3.2 Intercooler 146
13.3.3 Pump Modeling 146
13.3.4 Re-cooperator 146
13.3.5 Combustion Chamber Modeling 147
13.3.6 Gas Turbine Modeling 148
13.3.7 Generator (Hot Water) 148
13.4 Exergy Analysis 148
13.5 Definition of Objective Functions 150
13.6 Parametric Analysis 151
13.7 Optimization 154
13.8 GMDH Neural Network 154
13.9 Conclusion 156
References 157
14 Buckling Analysis of a Column with Rotational Springs at Both Ends in Aircraft Column 158
Abstract 158
14.1 Introduction 158
14.2 Formulation of the Problem 159
14.3 Results and Discussion 163
14.4 Conclusions 164
References 164
15 Emissions Prediction of a Reverse Flow Combustor Using Network Models 165
Abstract 165
15.1 Introduction 166
15.2 Methodology 167
15.2.1 One-Dimensional Network Model 167
15.2.2 Mathematical Model 168
15.2.3 Chemical Reactor Network (CRN) Model 169
15.3 Results 170
15.4 Conclusion 173
Acknowledgement 173
References 173
16 Performance Simulation of Serviceable Stratospheric Balloon Control Using MATLAB/Simulink 174
Abstract 174
16.1 Introduction 175
16.2 Balloon Dynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer Model 176
16.3 Numerical and Control Method 176
16.4 Results and Discussion 177
16.5 Conclusions 180
References 181
17 Multi-objective 4D Trajectory Optimization for Online Strategic and Tactical Air Traffic Management 182
Abstract 182
17.1 Introduction 183
17.2 Statement of the Problem 184
17.3 Mathematical Formulation 186
17.3.1 Numerical Solution 187
17.3.2 MOTO-4D Algorithm Implementation 189
17.3.3 Multi-objective Optimality 191
17.4 4DT Optimisation Algorithm 191
17.5 Simulation and Results 192
17.6 Conclusions 195
References 195
18 Physical-Based Simulation of a GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Devices 198
Abstract 198
18.1 Introduction 198
18.2 AlGaN/GaN HEMT Fundamentals 200
18.3 Two-Dimensional Electron Gas (2DEG) 203
18.3.1 Spontaneous Polarization 204
18.3.2 Piezoelectric Polarization 206
18.3.3 Device Structure and Simulation Model 207
18.4 Conclusions 213
References 213
19 Fault Detection, Isolation and Accommodation in Flight Control System of A340-Airbus Aircraft 214
Abstract 214
19.1 Introduction 214
19.2 Airbus A-340 Aircraft Model 216
19.3 Kalman Filter Algorithms 217
19.4 Fault-Tolerant Estimation of Aircraft States 218
19.4.1 Fault Detection 219
19.4.2 Sensor Fault Isolation Algorithm 219
19.4.3 Robust Kalman Filter 220
19.4.3.1 RKF with SMNSF 221
19.4.3.2 RKF with MMNSF 222
19.4.4 Reconfigurable Kalman Filter 222
19.5 Simulations Results 223
19.5.1 Fault Detection Algorithm Results 223
19.5.2 Sensor Fault Isolation Algorithm Results 223
19.5.3 RKF Algorithm Results 225
19.5.3.1 RKF with SMNSF 225
19.5.3.2 RKF with MMNSF 225
19.5.3.3 Reconfigurable KF 227
19.6 Conclusions 228
References 229
20 Mathematical Modelling of a Tilt-Rotor by an Integral Method and CFX Modelling by ANSYS Fluent 230
Abstract 230
20.1 Introduction 230
20.2 Theoretical Background 231
20.2.1 Choice of Coordinates 231
20.2.2 Boundary Condition 231
20.3 Resolution Method 231
20.4 Application to the Tilt-Rotor 233
20.5 Discretization 233
20.6 Resolution CFX 234
20.7 Results 234
20.8 Discussion 234
20.9 Conclusion 238
References 238
21 Modelling and Evaluation of Persistent Contrail Formation Regions for Offline and Online Strategic Flight Trajectory Planning 239
Abstract 239
21.1 Introduction 239
21.2 Contrail Lifecycle 240
21.2.1 Radiative Properties 243
21.3 Contrail Mapping Algorithm 245
21.3.1 Contrail Model 246
21.3.1.1 Jet Phase 247
21.3.1.2 Vortex Phase 247
21.3.1.3 Dispersion Phase 249
21.3.1.4 Radiative Forcing 253
21.3.2 Weather 254
21.3.3 Solar Properties 255
21.3.4 Contrail Mapping Algorithm Architecture 256
21.3.4.1 Linear Contrail Mapping Algorithm 257
21.3.4.2 4D Contrail Mapping Algorithm 258
21.3.4.3 Algorithm Verification 259
21.4 Simulation Case Studies 264
21.4.1 Vortex Phase: Survival Factors for Different Size Aircraft 264
21.4.2 Case Study—North America 266
21.4.2.1 Contrail Sounding 266
21.4.2.2 Altitude Variations 268
21.4.2.3 Time-of-Day Variations 270
21.5 Conclusions 271
References 272
22 In-Flight Icing Simulations on Airfoils 274
Abstract 274
22.1 Introduction 276
22.2 Methodology 276
22.2.1 Flow Field Solution 276
22.2.2 Droplet Trajectories and Collection Efficiency Calculations 276
22.2.3 Thermodynamic Analyses 277
22.2.4 Extended Messinger Method 277
22.3 Results and Discussion 279
22.4 Conclusions 284
Acknowledgements 284
References 284
23 Arrival Traffic Sequence for Converging Runways 285
Abstract 285
23.1 Introduction 285
23.2 Methodology 286
23.2.1 Sequencing in PMS 288
23.3 Results and Discussion 288
23.4 Conclusions 289
References 290
24 Energy Saving via Integrated Passive and Active Morphing During Maneuvers 291
Abstract 291
24.1 Introduction 291
24.2 Helicopter Model, Maneuvers, and Control System 294
24.3 Integrated Passive and Active Morphing Problem 297
24.4 SPSA 298
24.5 Closed Loop System Responses 299
24.6 Conclusions 303
Acknowledgements 304
References 304
25 PMU Deployment in Power System Oscillation Monitoring 307
Abstract 307
25.1 Introduction 307
25.2 PMU Modeling 309
25.2.1 PMU Principle 310
25.2.2 Phasor-Data Applications 310
25.3 PMU and Power Systems 311
25.4 Simulation of the 14-Bus Power System 312
25.5 Conclusion 315
References 315
26 Historical Development of UAV Technologies in the World: The Case of Turkey 317
Abstract 317
26.1 Introduction 317
26.2 UAV History 319
26.3 UAV Studies in Turkey 321
26.4 Conclusion 323
References 324
27 Additive Manufacturing for Lightweight Aviation Parts 326
Abstract 326
27.1 Engine Bracket 328
27.2 Nacelle Hinge Bracket 329
27.3 Fuel Nozzles 329
27.4 SAVING Project 330
27.5 Latticed Structures 332
27.6 Discussion 332
Aerodynamics 333
28 Investigation of Airframe in Terms of Aerodynamics 334
Abstract 334
28.1 Introduction 334
28.2 Initial Conditions of the Analysis 335
28.3 Results and Discussion 336
28.4 Conclusions 340
References 341
29 Flow Field Investigation of Rib-Roughened Serpentine Channel 342
Abstract 342
29.1 Introduction 343
29.2 Numerical Setup 344
29.2.1 The Channel Model 344
29.2.2 Numerical Simulations 345
29.2.3 Model Validation 346
29.3 Flow Field Investigation 347
29.4 Conclusions 350
Acknowledgments 350
References 350
30 Numerical Analysis of Active Control of Flow on a DBD Plasma Actuator Integrated Airfoil 353
Abstract 353
30.1 Introduction 353
30.2 Method 354
30.3 Results 356
30.3.1 Airfoil Without Plasma Actuator 356
30.3.2 Airfoil with Plasma Actuator 356
30.4 Conclusions 364
References 364
31 Acoustic Control of Flow Over NACA 2415 Aerofoil at Low Reynolds Numbers 365
Abstract 365
31.1 Introduction 366
31.2 Acoustic Flow Control 371
31.2.1 Flow Control with Constant Frequency 372
31.2.2 Flow Control with Constant Amplitude 372
31.2.3 Flow Control with Variable Frequency and Amplitude 373
31.3 Experimental Methods 374
31.4 Experimental Results 377
31.4.1 Pressure Distribution Results 377
31.4.2 Force Measurement Results 385
31.4.3 Velocity Measurement Results 388
31.4.3.1 Velocity Measurement Results in Wake Region 388
31.4.3.2 Velocity Measurement Results Over the Aerofoil 391
31.4.4 Smoke-Wire Flow Visualization Experiment Results 393
31.4.5 Particle Image Velocimetry Results 397
31.4.6 Flow Physics and the Effect of Acoustic Excitation on the Flow 402
31.5 Conclusion 404
Acknowledgments 408
References 408
Index 411