German Community Pharmacists (eBook)

Cover 1
Summary 16
1. Professional Status of German community pharmacists 18
2. Community Pharmacists in Germany: History and Challenges 22
2.1 History 22
2.2 Overview 24
2.3 Differences between “Pharmaceutical Advice“ and “Pharmaceutical Care“ 26
2.3.1 Introduction 26
2.3.2 Pharmaceutical advice 28
2.3.3 Pharmaceutical care 31
2.3.4 Evidence based approaches 34
2.4 Selective care projects in Germany 35
2.4.1 Geriatric Pharmacy 35
2.4.2 Pharmacist-led intervention to improve inhalation technique in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients 36
3. Relevance of Foucault’s work to pharmacy practice 38
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Foucault’s “Birth of the Clinic” 39
3.3 Power and knowledge 41
3.4 Pharmacists taking control over patients 44
3.5 Patients exercising power and control 45
3.6 Discussion 48
4. German community pharmacists’ social authority and professionalization 50
4.1 Introduction 50
4.2 Abraham Flexner: “Physician thinks, pharmacist obeys” 51
4.3 The “trait” approach 52
4.4 “Impure Status“ of community pharmacists 53
4.5 “Mystique” of community pharmacists’ role 54
4.6 Talcott Parsons’ concept of the “sick role” 55
4.7 Community pharmacists’ professionalization and the U.S. Supreme Court 57
4.8 Norman Denzin’s “incomplete professionalization” 58
4.8.1 Introduction 58
4.8.2 Control over social objects by community pharmacists in 2013 59
4.8.3 ‘Over-qualification’ of pharmacists 60
4.8.4 Full autonomous control over prescription drugs 62
4.8.5 Full autonomous control over OTC medication 63
4.9 Social positioning of community pharmacists 66
4.10 Psychological reactance 67
4.11 Discussion 68
5. Quality of pharmacy practice 74
5.1 Introduction 74
5.2 Definition 74
5.3 Donabedian’s model of evaluating community pharmacists’ quality 75
5.4 FIP’s and WHO’s Quality standards 76
5.4.1 Distribution 76
5.4.2 Assessment of patient health status and needs 77
5.4.3 Management of medication therapy 77
5.4.4 Educating prescribers 77
5.4.5 Monitoring of patients’ outcomes 78
5.4.6 Providing information on health related issues 78
5.5 The Seven-Star-Pharmacist concept of the United Nations 78
6. Implementation of international best practice elements 80
6.1 Definition of “Best practice” 80
6.2 Implementation process 81
6.3 Education 81
6.3.1 Germany 82
6.3.2 U.S.A. 84
6.3.3 Australia 85
6.3.4 France 86
6.3.5 United Kingdom 87
6.3.6 Discussion 87
6.4 Essential community pharmacy services 90
6.5 Advanced services 91
6.5.1 Medication Therapy Management (MTM) 91
6.5.2 Consulting Pharmacists 94
6.5.3 Collaborative pharmacy practice including prescribing rights for the community pharmacist 96
6.5.4 Patient Centered Medical Home 100
6.5.5 Implementation of advanced services into German community pharmacies 102
6.5.6 New forms of payment 105
7. The International Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience of the University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, in a German community pharmacy 110
8. Implementation of advanced pharmacy services into German community pharmacy according to the recommendations of the ADVISORY COUNCIL on the Assessment of Developments in the Health Care System 114
8.1 Introduction 114
8.2 New forms of direct patient care 115
8.3 Practice Management 117
8.4 Implementation in German community pharmacies using the concept of “Diffusion of innovation“ 119
8.5 Discussion 121
9. Proposal: Mission Statement for German pharmacists 124
9.1 Introduction of a mission statement 124
9.2 Proposition of a new mission statement 125
10 Outlook 128
Bibliography 134