Studies in Classical Hebrew (eBook)

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Moshe Bar-Asher, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Aaron Koller, Yeshiva University, New York, USA.

Moshe Bar-Asher, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Aaron Koller, Yeshiva University, New York, USA.

Preface 5
Introduction 15
A 15
B 15
C 18
A Biblical Hebrew 21
1 The Qal Passive Participle of Geminate Verbs in Biblical Hebrew 23
1.1 Introduction 23
1.2 ...... and ...... 23
1.1. 2. ......‘menstrual impurity’ / ...... ‘sprinkling’ 23
1.2.2 ......(abstract noun) / ...... (designating a female) 25
1.3 Qal Passive Participle of Geminate Verbs 30
1.4 Conclusion 34
2. ........... – ... .......:The morphology and meaning of the word .... 37
2.1 Background Notes 37
2.2 On the Meaning of the Word 38
2.3 On the Morphology of the Word 53
2.4 Concluding Remarks 59
3 The Bible Interpreting Itself 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Words that Explain and Words that are Explained 62
3.2.1 Parallelism and Parallel Verses 62
3.2.2 The Explicit Suggestion of the Explanation 66
3.2.3 The Use of an Explanatory Word or Expression 68
3.2.4 Explanatory Words in Similar Structures 70
3.3 Conclusion 73
4 Gesenius’ Thesaurus and Mishnaic Hebrew Studies 77
4.1 Introductory Remarks 77
4.2 Data in need of correction 79
4.3 Augmentation of incomplete data 82
4.4 Early signs of MH scholarship 84
4.5 Summary remarks 88
5 ... ..... ..... .....:When did ..... Come to Denote ‘Jew’? 89
6 Biblical Language in Mishnaic Texts 95
6.1 Introductory comments 95
6.2 Relationship of the Mishna to Biblical Hebrew 96
6.3 Substantive changes due to biblical influence 100
6.3.1 ... ..... ...... 100
6.3.2 .... ..... ...... 103
6.4 Concluding comment 107
7. ........... ... ........ .......:Regarding One Sentence from the Letter to Pelatyahu 109
8. The verse .... ......... (‘Hear, O Israel’) in Greek transcription on an ancient amulet 117
8.1 The text 118
8.2 Linguistic comments 118
8.3 Summary 122
B Qumran Hebrew 123
9 A Few Remarks on Mishnaic Hebrew and Aramaic in Qumran Hebrew 125
9.1 Mishnaic Hebrew and Qumran Hebrew 125
9.1.1 Example 1 125
9.1.2 Example 2 127
9.2 Aramaic at Qumran 128
9.2.1 Example 1 129
9.2.2 Example 2 130
9.3 Summary 132
10 On Several Linguistic Features of Qumran Hebrew 133
10.1 ..... 133
10.2 .... 141
10.3 .. ..... 143
10.4 ...... 145
10.4.1 .. = ...... 145
10.4.2 ...... = ...... 149
10.5 Concluding remarks 151
11 Qumran Hebrew Between Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrews: A Morphological Study 153
11.1 Introductory Comments 153
11.2 Third-person Pronominal Suffixes on Plural Nouns with the Ending ... 154
11.2.1 Biblical Hebrew 154
11.2.1.1 Distribution patterns in some biblical books 156
11.2.2.1 Analysis of one late biblical text 156
11.2.2 Mishnaic Hebrew 157
11.3 A note on the Samaritan Pentateuch 159
11.4 QH and Ben Sira 160
11.5 Summary of the findings within Hebrew 163
11.6 Concluding comments 164
12 Mistaken Repetitions or Double Readings? 167
12.1 The Data and the Interpretations Current in the Scholarly Literature 167
12.2 A Proposal for a New Explanation of the Phenomenon 170
12.3 Conclusion 178
13 Two Issues in Qumran Hebrew: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives 179
13.1 Introductory Comments 179
13.2 ....../...... (........) 181
13.3 ....... (........) and ..... 188
13.4 Concluding Comments 193
14 Grammatical and Lexicographic Notes on a Qumran Fragment 4Q374 ii) 195
14.1 Introductory Remarks 195
14.2 ... ..... .. ...... 196
14.3 ..... 201
14.4 Conclusion 209
15. .... ...... / ..... ...... 211
15.1 Introductory Remarks 211
15.2 A biblical expression in the Damascus Covenant and its pesher 212
15.3 Concluding Statements 219
16 The Patterns Pe‘ila and Pi‘‘ul in Qumran Hebrew 221
16.1 Introductory Comments 221
16.2 Specifics and Generalities in the relationship of Qumran Hebrew to Mishnaic Hebrew 224
16.3 The Pattern Pe‘ila 225
16.4 The Pattern Pi‘‘ul 231
16.5 Concluding Remarks 237
C. Mishnaic Hebrew and Aramaic 241
17 Mishnaic Hebrew: An Introductory Survey 243
17.1 Mishnaic Hebrew and Rabbinic literature 243
17.2 The Origin of Mishnaic Hebrew 245
17.3 Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew 246
17.3.1 Common and Contrasting Features 246
17.3.2 Diachronic Differences 247
17.3.3 Dialectal differences 248
17.3.4 Difference of Tradition 250
17.3.5 Literary Influence of Biblical Hebrew upon Mishnaic Hebrew 251
17.4 Unity and Diversity in Mishnaic Hebrew 253
17.4.1 The assumption of uniformity re-examined 253
17.4.2 Contrasts between the language of the Tannaim and the language of the Amoraim 254
17.4.3 Mishnaic Hebrew and its different dialects 255
17.4.4 Linguistic differences within the Mishnah 257
17.4.5 Editions and manuscripts 258
17.4.6 Linguistic types in the manuscripts of the Mishnah 260
17.4.7 Special traditions 261
17.4.8 Written and Oral Traditions 262
17.5 Mishnaic Hebrew and Other Languages 263
17.5.1 The situation of multi-lingualism 263
17.5.2 Mishnaic Hebrew and Aramaic 264
17.5.3 Borrowings from Greek and Latin 267
17.6 Mishnaic Hebrew from indirect sources 268
17.6.1 Direct and indirect sources 268
17.6.2 Documents from the Judean Desert 270
17.6.3 The Samaritan tradition 271
17.6.4 Greek and Latin Transcriptions 273
17.6.5 The language of Liturgy and the Piyyut 274
17.7 Conclusion 274
18 The Study of Mishnaic Hebrew Grammar Based on Written Sources: Achievements, Problems, and Tasks 277
18.1 Introductory Remarks 277
18.2 Research and Achievements 278
18.2.1 Description of Mishnaic Hebrew Studies 278
18.2.2 Some Central Questions in the Study of Mishnaic Hebrew 278
18.2.3 Results of Mishnaic Hebrew Research 286
18.2.4 Unity of Mishnaic Hebrew 289
18.3 Problems and Tasks 294
18.3.1 Investigations of Reliable Manuscripts and other Manuscripts 294
18.3.1 Strata versus Traditions 296
18.3.3 Reliable Traditions and Scribal Corrections 298
18.3.4 Expanding the Fields of Research 299
18.3.4.1 Investigation of the Different Periods of Mishnaic Hebrew 299
18.3.4.2 Investigation of Traditions and Other Manuscripts 300
18.3.4.3 Investigation of Traditions and Examination of General Grammatical Topics 301
18.3.4.5 Proportions between Research Fields 302
18.3.5 Preparing a New Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrew 303
18.4 Concluding Remarks 304
19 The Different Traditions of Mishnaic Hebrew 307
19.1 Introduction 307
19.2 The Division of Mishnaic Hebrew into Different Traditions 308
19.3 The Western tradition vis-à-vis the Eastern tradition within the Palestinian branch 310
19.4 The Palestinian branch vis-à-vis the Babylonian branch 312
19.5 Comments on the Proposed Divisions 314
19.6 The Western and Eastern traditions of the Palestinian branch 318
19.6.1 Gemination of reš 318
19.6.2 The relative šîn with š.wa 320
19.6.3 The realization of the short vowel [u] 320
19.6.4 The Final Vowel in the Qatt and Related Noun Patterns 323
19.6.5 The Definite Article with segol before ’aleph with qame? 323
19.6.6 Noun Pattern po‘lan/pa‘lan 324
19.6.6.1 ......./....... 326
19.6.6.2 The plural ........./........ 325
19.7 The Nature of the Differences between the Western and Eastern Traditions 326
19.8 The Historical Background of the Different Traditions of the Western Branch 327
19.9 The Palestinian Branch and the Babylonian Branch 331
19.10 Background of the Linguistic Differences between the Two Branches 332
19.11 Conclusion 339
20 The System of binyanim in Mishnaic Hebrew (A Morphological Study) 343
20.1 The binyanim in general 343
20.2 Comments on the common binyanim 344
20.3 Comments on the uncommon binyanim 346
20.3.1 Pu‘al 346
20.3.2 Nuf‘al 349
20.3.3 Nipp.‘al 353
20.3.4 Pe‘el (pa‘‘el), po‘al (m?fo‘‘al), ni?pa‘‘al 355
20.3.5 Pe‘el 356
20.3.6 Po‘al 358
20.3.7 Ni.pa‘al 358
20.4 Comments on these three binyanim 359
20.4.1 Po‘el, Ni.po‘el 362
20.4.2 Po‘el 363
20.4.3 Ni.po‘al 363
20.4.4 Ni..ap¯ ‘al 366
20.5 Other binyanim? 368
20.6 Conclusion 368
21 The Formation of the Nif‘al III-yod Participle in Mishnaic Hebrew 373
21.1 The Readings Traditions in the Bible 373
21.2 The Mishnaic Hebrew Traditions that have been Studied 374
21.3 Other Traditions of Mishnaic Hebrew 375
21.4 MS Antonin 376
21.5 MS Parma B 376
21.6 MS Kaufmann, MS Paris, and the Livorno Edition 378
21.7 Summary 382
21.8 Appendix 386
22 Comments on the Morphology of Nouns in Mishnaic Hebrew: Nouns Attested and Unattested in Biblical Hebrew 389
22.1 Introduction 389
22.2 Nouns Attested in BH 390
22.3 Nouns Not in BH 394
22.4 Summary 395
23 Mishnaic Hebrew and Biblical Hebrew 397
23.1 Introductory Remarks 397
23.2 Rabbinic Hebrew vis-à-vis Biblical Hebrew in Nominal Morphology 400
23.2.1 Nouns borrowed from the Bible 401
23.2.2 Nouns Common to the Languages of the Bible and the Mishnah 404
23.3 Conclusion 406
24 On the Language of the Beit ‘Amar Papyrus 409
24.1 Preliminary Notes 409
24.2 On the General Nature of the Language in the Document 410
24.3 Orthography 411
24.4 Orthography and phonology 413
24.5 Minor items in Configuration and Syntax 418
24.6 Concluding note 419
25 From Oral Transmission to Written Transmission (Concerning the meaning of some orthographic forms in the manuscripts of the Mishnah and of Rabbinic Literature) 421
25.1 Introductory Comments 421
25.2 Unusual orthographic forms and their meanings 422
25.2.1 ... ...../... ..... –a quarter-qab of bones 422
25.2.2 ....../...... – has arisen 422
25.2.3 ....../....... 423
25.2.4 ..../..... 425
25.3 Additions 427
25.3.1 .. . > .... ,as in ....>
25.3.2 ...> ..
25.3.3 The spelling of short words 430
25.4 Summary 430
Bibliography 433
Indexes 451

lt;P>"Cet ouvrage qui réunit des articles de genres très différents s’adresse à un public de spécialistes et d’étudiants, qui y trouveront à la fois des articles introductifs mais aussi des analyses détaillées des différentes strates de l’hébreu classique."
Judith Kogel in: Revue des études juives, 177 (3-4) (2018), 433-435