The Rise and Fall of a Muslim Regiment (eBook)

Dr Amir Mazor works at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, department for Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies.

Title Page 3
Copyright 4
Body 11
Body 11
Preface and acknowledgements 13
Introduction 15
1. The origins of the Mamluk sultanate and historical background 15
2. The Mamluk system: basic principles and terminology 20
3. The study and its historical sources 23
Chapter One: The Man.uriyya during the period of Qalawun 33
1. Size and ethnic origin 33
2. The training period 40
2.1. Relations among the mamluks 40
2.2 The nature of training 41
2.3. Discipline in the barracks (.ibaq) 49
2.4. The ages of the mamluk novices 52
2.5. The duration of the novices' training period 55
3. The mamluk's seniority and his promotion 56
3.1. Mamluks purchased during Qalawun’s amirate 56
3.2. Mamluks purchased during Qalawun’s sultanate or shortly before it 61
3.3. The duration of the mamluks' training period and service until receiving their amirate 65
3.4. The criteria for the Man.uri mamluk’s promotion 68
4. Summary and conclusions 73
Chapter Two: The Man.uriyya from Qalawun’s death to the third reign of al-Na.ir Mu.ammad ibn Qalawun (689/1290–709/1310) 75
1. The Man.uriyya during al-Ashraf Khalil’s reign (689/1290–709/1310) 75
1.1. Al-Ashraf Khalil’s policy toward the Man.uriyya 75
1.2. The Man.uriyya during military activities 79
1.3. Al-Ashraf Khalil’s murder 81
2. Al-Na.ir Mu.ammad ibn Qalawun’s first reign (693/1293–694/1294) 83
2.1. The conflict between Baydara and Kitbugha 83
2.2. The conflict between Kitbugha and Sanjar al-Shuja.i 86
2.3. The Ashrafiyya uprising 89
3. Kitbugha’s reign (694/1294–696/1296) 90
3.1. Kitbugha’s domestic policy 91
3.2. Kitbugha’s visit to Syria and the end of his reign 93
4. Lajin’s reign (696/1296–698/1299) 95
4.1. Lajin’s coronation 95
4.2. Lajin’s moves for establishing his rule 97
4.3. The turn in Lajin’s policy 99
4.4. The expedition against the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia 102
4.5. The desertion of Qibjaq and the amirs to the Ilkhanate 103
4.6. Lajin’s murder 106
5. The Man.uriyya during al-Na.ir Mu.ammad ibn Qalawun’s second reign (698/1299–708/1309) 107
5.1. The second coronation of al-Na.ir Mu.ammad 107
5.2. The joint rule of Baybars al-Jashnakir and Salar 108
5.3. Al-Na.ir Mu.ammad’s attempted revolt and his departure to Kerak 111
5.4. Military events 113
5.4.1. Military confrontations with the Mongols 113
5.4.2. Expeditions against the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia and the Franks 128
5.4.3. Expeditions against the Nu.ayris of Kasrawan and the Bedouin in Egypt 131
6. Baybars al-Jashnakir’s reign (708/1309–709/1310) 134
7. Summary and conclusions 144
Chapter Three: The change in the military-political principles 147
1. Loyalty between mamluks and their master 147
1.1. The mamluk's loyalty to his first master 147
1.2. Aspects of loyalty between mamluks and their master 149
1.3. Erosion in the master's position 152
1.4. Cases of treachery between mamluks and their masters 155
2. Solidarity among the mamluks: the khushdashiyya 157
2.1. The meaning of the term khushdashiyya 157
2.2. The weakening of solidarity among mamluks of the same master (khushdashi groups) 158
2.3. Loyalty determinants of and among the Man.uriyya amirs 164
2.3.1 Sub-factional solidarity: the Burjiyya 164
2.3.2. Common ethnic origin 166
2..3.3.. Marriage ties 171
2.3.4. Strong friendship relations: ukhuwwa and .adaqa 175
2.3.5. Kinship 185
2.3.6. Loyalty based on material grants 190
2.3.7. Combination of several loyalty factors 191
3. Summary and conclusions 193
Chapter Four: The Man.uriyya during al-Na.ir Mu.ammad’s third reign 195
1. The Man.uriyya amirs 196
1.1. The Man.uriyya amirs who were arrested or executed 196
1.1.1. The moves made by al-Na.ir Mu.ammad against the Man.uriyya 196
1.1.2. The Man.uriyya amirs who were arrested 203
1.2. The Man.uriyya amirs who were neither arrested nor put to death 205
1.3. Conclusions 207
2. The mamluks and descendants of the Man.uriyya amirs 208
2.1. The mamluks of the Man.uriyya amirs 208
2.2 The descendants of the Man.uriyya amirs 210
3. Summary and conclusions: the Man.uriyya period as an intermediate stage toward al-Na.ir Mu.ammad’s third reign 211
Conclusions 219
Appendices 223
Appendix .1.: The names of the Man.uriyya amirs 223
Appendix 2: The Man.uriyya amirs who died up to 710/1310 230
Appendix .3.: Office holders during Qalawun’s reign and the Man.uriyya period 231
Appendix 4: Mamluks purchased during Qalawun’s amirate 239
Appendix 5: Prominent mamluks purchased during Qalawun’s sultanate or shortly before it 249
Appendix 6: The Man.uriyya amirs during al-Na.ir Mu.ammad’s third reign 254
Appendix 7: The Man.uriyya amirs who were arrested by al-Na.ir Mu.ammad 257
Appendix 8: The Man.uriyya amirs who were neither arrested nor put to death by al-Na.ir Mu.ammad 265
Appendix 9: The mamluks of the Man.uriyya amirs during al-Na.ir Mu.ammad’s third reign and after 271
Appendix 10: The descendants of the Man.uriyya amirs during al-Na.ir Mu.ammad’s third reign and after 282
Bibliography 289
Index 301