Hydrogen Production and Remediation of Carbon and Pollutants (eBook)

Dr. Eric Lichtfouse is Editor of scholarly journals and series in environmental chemistry and agriculture. He teaching scientific writing in Europe and the USA and is heading publication assistance services. He has done research in organic geochemistry, soil carbon dynamics and phytoremediation. He is the author of the book ‘Scientific Writing for Impact Factor Journals’.Dr. Jan Schwarzbauer is Editor of the journal 'Environmental Earth Sciences' and Subject Editor of 'Journal of Soils and Sediments'. After studying chemistry at the University of Hamburg, he is working since 1998 at the RWTH Aachen University leading as full professor the group 'Environmental Organic Geochemistry'.Dr. Didier Robert is professor in organic chemistry and green chemistry at the University of Lorraine-Metz (France). He is associate editor of the Journal of Photocatalysis Sciences and its research activities are devoted to the decontamination of air and water by photochemical processes, especially by photocatalysis.

Preface 6
Genes Hydro 6
Contents 8
Chapter 1: Hydrogen Production by Homogeneous Catalysis: Alcohol Acceptorless Dehydrogenation 9
1.1 Introduction 11
1.2 Fundamentals of Alcohol Acceptorless Dehydrogenation by Homogeneous Catalysis 13
1.3 Alcohol Acceptorless Dehydrogenation by Homogenous Catalysis 18
1.3.1 Model Substrates 18
1.3.1.1 Conclusion for the Model Substrates Chapter 32
1.3.2 Substrates with Synthetic Applications 32
1.3.2.1 Conclusion for the Substrates with Synthetic Applications Chapter 55
1.3.3 Biorelevant Substrates 56
1.3.3.1 Conclusion for the Biorelevant Substrates Chapter 58
1.3.4 Substrates for H2 Storage 58
1.3.4.1 Conclusion for the Substrates for H2 Storage Chapter 62
1.3.5 Conclusion 63
References 63
Chapter 2: Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide 69
2.1 Introduction 70
2.1.1 About CO2 70
2.1.1.1 Molecular Structure of CO2 70
2.1.1.2 Source of CO2 71
2.1.1.3 Activation of CO2 71
2.1.2 Present Situation of CO2 72
2.2 Mechanism of the Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 73
2.3 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction by TiO2 75
2.3.1 TiO2 as the Photocatalyst 75
2.3.2 Modified TiO2 78
2.3.2.1 Metal Doping or Modified TiO2 78
2.3.2.2 Dye Sensitized TiO2 82
2.4 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Using Non-titanium Metal Oxides 84
2.4.1 Metal Oxides 84
2.4.2 Metal Sulfides 93
2.4.3 Other Photocatalysts 96
2.5 Conclusion 99
References 100
Chapter 3: Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems 107
3.1 Introduction 108
3.2 Global Carbon Cycle 111
3.2.1 Potential Annual Rates of Carbon Sequestration (in Kilograms Carbon/Hectare) Using Various Land Management Practices 112
3.2.2 Effect of Elevated CO2 on Ecosystems and Climate Change 114
3.2.3 Molecular Physiological Controls on Carbon Sequestration 114
3.2.3.1 Primary Molecular and Physiological Responses 114
3.2.3.2 Tertiary Whole: Plant Responses 116
3.2.4 Ecological Controls on Carbon Sequestering 117
3.2.4.1 Primary Organism Interaction 117
3.2.5 Effect of Elevated CO2 on Beneficial Microorganisms 119
3.2.6 Options to Enhance, Maintain and Manage Biological Carbon Reservoirs and Geo-engineering 119
3.3 Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in CO2 Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems 120
3.3.1 Carbonic Anhydrase 121
3.3.2 Carbon Metabolism in Developing Soya Bean Root Nodules: The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase 122
3.3.3 Effect of CO2 Concentration on Carbonic Anhydrase and Ribulose 1,5-Bio-Phosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Expression in Pea 122
3.4 Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems 122
3.4.1 Capture and Storage of Carbon in Terrestrial Ecosystems 123
3.4.2 Concurrent Benefits 123
3.4.3 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Carbon Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystem 123
3.4.4 Global Carbon Stocks and Flows 124
3.5 Carbon Sequestration Through Reforestation 124
3.5.1 Contribution of CO2 Emissions in Atmosphere 126
3.5.1.1 Burning of Fossil Fuel 126
3.5.1.2 Loss of Forest 126
3.5.2 Native Plants for Optimizing Carbon Sequestration in Reclaimed Lands Using IBA 126
3.5.3 Monitoring Carbon Flux of Reclaimed Site Using Eddy Covariance System 129
3.5.3.1 Measurement of Diel Net Ecosystem Exchange of CO2 131
3.5.3.2 Effect of Temperature on CO2 Flux 132
3.5.3.3 Effect of Latent Heat Flux on CO2 Flux 133
3.5.3.4 Net Ecosystem Production 133
3.6 Conclusions 135
References 135
Chapter 4: Selenium Phytoremediation by Giant Reed 140
4.1 Introduction 142
4.2 Selenium: The New/Old Essential Poison 144
4.3 Selenium as a Unique Trace Element 145
4.4 Plant-based Remediation Processes for Se 148
4.5 Biogeochemical Cycle of Se in the Environment 154
4.5.1 Environmental Cycling of Se 155
4.5.1.1 Se Cycling Under Climate Changes 157
4.5.1.2 Se in Volcanic Environments 158
4.5.1.3 Se in Agroecosystems 158
4.5.1.4 Se in Soil Environments 159
4.5.1.5 Se in Waste Materials 160
4.5.1.6 Se in Water Environments 160
4.5.1.7 Fate and Transport of Se in the Environment 161
4.5.1.8 Speciation of Se in the Water Environments 161
4.5.2 Se Bioavaialability in Agroecosystem 162
4.5.3 Microbial Assimilatory/Dissimilatory Reduction of Se 163
4.5.4 Oxidation and Detoxification of Se Oxyanions 165
4.5.5 Se Volatilization, Se Methylation and Demethylation 166
4.5.6 Environmental Management of Soil Se and Minimization 167
4.6 Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) 169
4.6.1 General Plant Description 169
4.6.2 Historical Background for Plant 173
4.6.3 Plant Processing and Utilization 174
4.6.4 Agronomic Management 176
4.6.5 Ecological Requirements and Propagation 177
4.6.6 Plant Production Possibilities 179
4.6.7 Plant Physiology 181
4.6.8 Plant Growth Rate 182
4.7 Giant Reed: The Promising Bioenergy Plant 183
4.8 Giant Reed: The Promising Phytoremediator Plant 188
4.9 Se and Giant Reed: The Current and Future Prospects 189
4.10 Conclusion 190
References 191
Chapter 5: Redox Processes in Water Remediation Technologies 206
5.1 Introduction 207
5.1.1 Basic Concepts of Redox Processes 208
5.1.2 Redox Processes and Environmental Issues 210
5.2 Oxidation as a Water Remediation Technology 212
5.2.1 Aqueous Chemistry of Oxidants 212
5.2.1.1 Ferrate(VI) 212
5.2.1.2 Hydrogen Peroxide 213
5.2.1.3 Ozone 215
5.2.1.4 Chlorine 215
5.2.1.5 Hypochlorite 216
5.2.1.6 Chlorine Dioxide 216
5.2.2 Remediation of Heavy Metals 217
5.2.3 Remediation of Inorganic Pollutants 220
5.2.4 Remediation of Organic Pollutants 221
5.2.5 Remediation of Micro-organisms 224
5.3 Reduction as a Water Remediation Technology 226
5.3.1 Aqueous Chemistry of Reductants 226
5.3.1.1 Iron Nano Particles 226
5.3.1.2 Calcium Polysulfide 227
5.3.1.3 Dithionite 228
5.3.1.4 Hydrazine 228
5.3.2 Remediation of Heavy Metals 229
5.3.3 Remediation of Inorganic Pollutants 230
5.3.4 Remediation of Organic Pollutants 237
5.4 Correlation with Other Water Remediation Technologies 238
5.4.1 Ultrasonication 238
5.4.2 Bioremediation 239
5.4.3 Electrokinetics 242
5.4.4 Nanotechnology for Water Remediation 243
5.4.5 Biological, Biochemical and Biosorptive Treatment Technologies 245
5.4.6 Comparative Analysis and Discussion 246
5.5 Conclusion 246
References 247
Chapter 6: Eco-friendly Textile Dyeing Processes 261
6.1 Introduction 263
6.2 Fabric Preparation Steps 264
6.2.1 Desizing 265
6.2.2 Scouring 268
6.2.3 Bleaching 270
6.2.4 Mercerizing 271
6.2.5 Integration of Pre-treatment Steps 272
6.3 Dyeing 273
6.3.1 Use of Alternative Eco-friendly Salts 275
6.3.1.1 Magnesium Acetate 276
6.3.1.2 Trisodium Citrate 277
6.3.1.3 Edate 277
6.3.1.4 Biodegradable Polycarboxylic Acids 278
6.4 Pre-treatment OR Modification of Cellulose 278
6.4.1 Monomers 278
6.4.2 Polymers 282
6.4.2.1 Polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) 282
6.4.2.2 Polyepichlorohydrin Amine Polymers 283
6.4.2.3 1-acrylamido-2-hydroxy- 3-trimethylammoniumpropane Chloride (AAHTAPC) 284
6.4.2.4 Poly Vinylamine Hydro Chloride 284
6.4.2.5 Amino-Terminated Hyperbranched Polymers 284
6.4.2.6 Dendrimers 284
6.4.2.7 Tertiary Amine Cationic Polyacrylamide 285
6.4.2.8 Chitosan 285
6.4.3 Plasma 286
6.4.4 Starch 286
6.5 Conclusion 287
References 288
Index 294