International Handbook of Migration and Population Distribution (eBook)

Michael J White is the Robert E. Turner Distinguished Professor of Population Studies and Professor of Sociology at Brown University, where he is also an affiliate and past director of the Population Studies and Training Center. White is also Honorary Research Professor in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.  He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and he has served the Population Association of America and the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population in a variety of capacities. White’s own research on migration and population distribution covers a wide array of topics, from urban residential segregation, to rural-urban migration in developing societies, to contemporary international migration and immigrant assimilation. His studies span most world regions and both developing and developed settings. Other recent books include Achieving Anew: How New Immigrants Do in American Schools, Jobs, and Neighborhoods (with J Glick; Russell Sage, 2009) and The Dynamics of Migration, Health and Livelihoods (co-edited with M Collinson, K Adazu, and S Findley; Ashgate, 2009). White is currently investigating the role that interregional migration plays in influencing health outcomes in South Africa.

Contents 6
1: Introduction: Contemporary Insights on Migration and Population Distribution 9
Part I: Perspectives on Theory for Internal and International Migration 17
2: Perspectives on Migration Theory: Geography 18
The Intensity of Migration: Distance Decay and the Gravity Model 19
The Causes of Migration: Economics as the Main Driving Force 22
Taking the Economy More Seriously 23
Linking Internal and International Migration 24
The Direction of Migration: ``Development´´ and Mass Migration 25
Telecommunications and Migration 26
The Scaling of Migration Control 27
The Mobilities Paradigm 28
The Variety of Migration: Circulation and Transnationalism 28
Gender and Migration 29
The Channelization of Migration: Migration Fields and Networked Flows 31
Conclusions 32
References 33
3: Perspectives on Migration Theory - Economics 38
Introduction 38
The Disequilibrium Perspective 39
The Gravity Model 40
Present Discounted Values 42
Job-Search Models 43
Microdata Approaches 43
Selectivity Issues 44
The Equilibrium Perspective 44
Consequences of Migration and Conclusions 46
References 47
4: Perspectives on Migration Theory-Anthropology 48
Research Methodologies and Units of Analysis 49
Transnationalism, Diaspora, and Cosmopolitanism 55
Immigrants, Citizenship, and Political Mobilization 57
Inclusion and Exclusion: The Reception of Immigrants, Discourses of Immigration, and Racism 59
Immigrants, the State, the Law, and Multiculturalism 62
Conclusion 64
References 67
5: Perspectives on Migration Theory - Sociology and Political Science 75
A Brief Nod to History 75
The Migrant: Individual, Community Member, Node in a Network 76
Migration and the Family 77
Non-pecuniary Factors in Micro-level Migration 78
Migration, Social Networks and Community 79
Migration and Destination Adaptation 82
Migration and Political Structures 84
New Directions 88
Data and Methods 88
Substantive Horizons and Challenges 89
Political and Social Contexts 90
References 91
6: Conceptualizing Migration: From Internal/International to Kinds of Membership 96
The Cleavage Between International and Internal Migration 97
Bridging the Gap Between Internal and International Migration 102
Emphasis on a Different Cleavage 104
References 106
Part II: Data and Methods for Migration Study 112
7: Concepts, Definitions and Data Collection Approaches 113
Introduction 113
Conceptual and Definitional Issues and Conundra 115
Definitions 115
Further Observations 116
Questions to Identify Migrants 119
Typology Conundra 122
Common Existing Sources of Data, Limitations and Prospects for Making them More Useful 123
Population Censuses and Continuous Population Registers 123
Existing Household Surveys to Which Questions on Migration May Be Added (?) 126
The Crucial Issues of Sample Size and Prevalence of Migrants 126
Major Existing Types of Household Surveys that Could Provide Data on Migrants if Modified 127
Aspects of Survey Design for Specialized Surveys of Migration 130
Sampling in Surveys of Migration 134
Stratification and Disproportionate Sampling 134
Two-Phase Sampling to Select Households at the Last Stage 136
Other Approaches to Sampling 136
Some Special Examples of Migration Surveys 139
Questionnaire Content and Design 141
Some Special Methodological Issues Related to Migration Data Collection 145
Conclusions 150
Appendix A. Example of ``Last Move´´ Questionnaire (Adapted from Survey on International Migration in Tajikistan, 2013 Englis...
APPENDIX B. Adapted from ``Survey on Migration and Natural Resources, Ecuador, 2008´´ (developed by Clark Gray and Richard Bil... 156
References 158
8: Data Prospects: IPUMS-International 161
The IPUMS Projects 161
Census Microdata 161
Scope of the IPUMS Database 162
Geographic Harmonization 164
General Topical Coverage 164
Migration Data 166
Data Quality 169
Research Directions 170
References 177
9: Micro Methods: Longitudinal Surveys and Analyses 179
Introduction 179
Longitudinal Surveys 180
Prospective vs. Retrospective Data 180
Biographic Data 180
Panel Data 181
Pros, Cons and Alternatives 183
Collecting Multi-level and Longitudinal Data to Study Migration 185
Individual Level 185
Social Circle 186
Local Context 187
Macro Context 189
Longitudinal Analyses 190
Dealing with Time: Data Structure and Conceptual Issues 190
Data Files and Data Organization 190
Time of Exposure 194
Beginning of Time 194
Censoring 194
Other Time Issues 196
Repeated or Single Events 196
Time-Fixed Variables, Time-Varying Variables and Time Lags 196
Descriptive Methods 197
Migration Histories as Careers: Sequence Analysis 200
Explaining Migration with Discrete-Time Event History Models 200
A Simple Illustration 200
Alternative Analyses on the Determinants of Migration 201
The Role of Others: Linking Mobility Histories from Different People 202
Multi-level Approaches 203
Integrating Data on Destination Places 203
Desires, Intentions, Attempts and Effective Migrations 204
Using Migration Histories to Explain Other Phenomena 204
Conclusion 205
References 205
10: Migration Analysis Using Demographic Surveys and Surveillance Systems 209
Introduction 209
Criteria to Evaluate Data Sources as Regard to Migration Analysis 209
Sampling Procedures 210
Data Collection Tools 212
The Case for the Demographic and Health Survey 217
Questions on Migration and Residences 217
Limitations 218
Existing and Potential Analyzes 220
The Case for Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems 221
Migration Registration System and Their Limitations 222
Questions on the Circumstances of Migration 224
Existing and Potential Analyzes 225
Conclusions 226
References 227
11: Migration Flows: Measurement, Analysis and Modeling 228
Introduction 228
Issues in the Measurement and Analysis of Migration 229
Migration Measures and Migration Models 233
Modeling Migration Flows by Origin and Destination 235
Modeling Migration Age Profiles 238
Migration, Population Growth and Population Distribution 239
Conclusion: Issues for the Future 241
References 242
Part III: Regional Perspectives 245
12: African Migration and Population Distribution: Recent Trends, Methodological Challenges and Policy Issues 246
Introduction 246
Dimensions and Trends in Africa´s Migration System 247
Internal Migration and Urbanization of Poverty 247
Migration Circulation 248
Feminization of Migration 249
Forced Migration: IDPs, Refugees, Asylum Seekers 250
Emigration, Brain Drain and Brain Gain 253
Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants 255
Chinese Immigration to Africa 256
International Organizations and Africa´s Migration and Population Distribution 256
The Methodological Challenges of Studying Migration in Africa 257
The Complexity of Africa´s Migration Context 257
Undocumented Migrants and Inadequate Official Records 258
The Overall Paucity of African Migration Data 258
Policy Issues Relating to Migration and Population Distribution in Africa 259
Enhancing Returns from Emigration 259
Implementing Political and Citizenship Reforms 259
Human Trafficking Policy Measures 260
Responding to the Challenge of Skilled Migration 261
Refugee and IDP Policies 261
Execution of Protocols of Regional Groupings on Integration 261
Expanding the Share and Enhanced Use of Remittances 262
Making Remittances Cheaper 262
Diaspora Engagement Beyond Remittances 263
Database of Africans Outside the Region 263
References 264
13: Migration in Asia 269
Introduction 269
Conceptual Framework 270
International Migration in Asia 271
Internal Migration in the Countries of Asia 276
Conclusion 282
References 283
14: Migration in China 285
Introduction 285
Internal Migration 286
Overview of Historical Patterns 286
Market Transition and Rise of Migration in China 287
Migration, Hukou, and Life Chances 288
The Impact of Migration on Children 290
Migration and the Transformation of Rural China 293
Emigration from China 295
Periods of Emigration from China 295
Period of Restriction: 1949-1977 295
1978-Present: New Migrants () from China 295
Changing Patterns of Emigration 296
Family Reunion 297
Student Migration 297
Clandestine Labor Emigration 298
Emigrants from Fujian and Zhejiang 298
Emigrants from Other Parts of China 299
Recent Trends in Emigration 299
Upper Middle Class and Super-Rich Emigration 299
Children of the Wealthy Studying Abroad 300
Driving Forces of Emigrants 300
Local Contexts 300
Global Contexts 301
Networks 302
Emigration and Development 302
Community Level 302
Regional and National Level 303
Conclusions and Future Research 304
References 306
15: Changing Patterns of Migration in India: A Perspective on Urban Exclusion 310
Introduction 310
Policies and Programmes Pertaining to Migration and Their Impact 311
Stabilization of Regional Economies and Promoting Globally Linked Cities 311
Welfare Programmes for Migrant Families 313
Trends and Patterns of Migration in India: A Macro Overview 314
Migration Pattern of Adult Men and Employment Structure Before and After Migration 318
Social and Economic Characteristics of Adult Male Migrants in a Comparative Framework 321
Population Mobility and Urbanisation: A Macro Overview 325
A Perspective for Future Urban Strategy 329
References 330
16: Migration in Australia and New Zealand 332
Introduction 332
Some Data Issues 333
The Demographic and Economic Context 334
Conceptualising Australian-New Zealand International Migration 335
Permanent Settlement 335
Refugee-Humanitarian Migration 343
Emigration 343
Temporary Migration 346
Transitions 352
Some International Migration Issues in Australia and New Zealand 355
Internal Migration 358
Conclusion 365
References 366
17: Migration in Europe 370
Introduction 370
Background 370
A Brief Review of Migration Patterns from 1945 to 2000 371
The Pressures of Demographic Ageing 372
Foreign Populations in Europe 372
Official Statistics and Harmonised Estimates of International Migration Flows in Europe 374
Official Statistics 374
Harmonised Estimates 375
Annual Migration Estimates in the EU and EFTA 378
Net Migration Totals 378
Immigration and Emigration Totals 380
Origin-Destination Patterns 380
Summary and Discussion 385
References 386
18: Migration in the Americas 388
Introduction 388
Historical Overview 389
Mayor Flows of International Migrants 389
International Migration in the Americas 389
Europe as a Destination for Latin American Migrants 390
The Latin American Presence in Spain 392
The Latin American Presence in other European countries 393
International Migration Within Latin America 394
Socio-demographic Profile of Latin American Migrants 396
Educational level 397
Labor Participation of Latin American Immigrants 398
Migration and Social Change in Latin America 399
Migration and the Socioeconomic Development of the Region 399
Indigenous Population and Migration Settlement 402
The Growth of Large Cities and Migration 404
Political Conflict, Violence, and Internal Displacement 405
The Mexico-US Migration ``System´´ 406
Looking to the Future 411
Key Research Questions for Current Scholars and Policy 411
Data Needs 413
Conclusion 414
References 414
19: Moving for Opportunities? Changing Patterns of Migration in North America 419
Introduction 419
Historical and Contemporary Migration Patterns 419
High Mobility of U.S. and Canadian Population 419
Variations in the Propensity to Migrate 423
The Dominance of Economic Explanations for Migration 427
Migration Patterns Through History 430
Settlement and Occupation 430
The Industrial Revolution and Urbanization 431
The Great Migration 432
Regional Decentralization and Counterurbanization 434
Suburbanization, Exurbanization, and the Return to the City 436
Short-Distance Mobility 439
Conclusion 442
References 443
Part IV: Emerging Policy Topics in Population Redistribution 447
20: Migration, Urbanization and Health 448
Demographic and Administrative Processes that Contribute to Urbanization 448
The Attraction of Cities to Some Rural Dwellers 449
Strains at Urban Destinations 450
Does Rural-to-Urban Migration Affect Health? Taking Selection Effects into Account 452
Does Rural-to-Urban Migration Affect Health? A Review of Recent Empirical Evidence 453
Moving Forward 455
References 457
21: Migration and the Environment 461
Migration and the Environment 461
Multiple Meanings of ``Environment´´ 462
``Environmental Refugees´´ or ``Environmental Migrants´´? 462
Theoretical Frameworks Engaged Within Migration-Environment Scholarship 463
Evidence of Environmental ``Push´´ Factors 464
Household-Level Case Studies of Migration-Environment Linkages 465
Historical Analogs 466
Learning from Natural Disasters 467
Empirical Simulations 467
Migration´s Reciprocal Effect on the Environment 468
Origin Impacts 468
Destination Impacts 469
Understudied Migration-Environment Topics 469
Short vs. Long Distance Moves in Response to Climate Change 470
Rural-Urban Linkages 470
Migration, Health and the Environment 471
Social Inequalities in the Migration-Environment Association 472
Central Methodologies in Migration-Environment Research 472
Time Series 473
Multilevel Modeling 473
Agent-Based Modeling 473
Qualitative Ethnographic Methods 473
Subjectivity as a Methodological Challenge 474
Science-Policy Disconnects and Recommendations 474
Conclusion 475
References 475
22: Population Distribution and Poverty 481
Measuring Poverty and Population Distribution 482
Rural Poverty 484
Urban and Suburban Poverty 486
Urban and Rural Interdependencies and Poverty Distribution 490
Poverty Policy and Population Distribution 491
Conclusion 495
References 496
23: Migration, Assimilation and Social Welfare 501
Introduction 501
Assimilation Theory and Its Variants 502
Selection of Immigrants and Assimilation 503
Reception and Assimilation 504
Complexities of Selection, Reception and Challenges to the Study of Assimilation 505
Structural Assimilation Outcomes 506
Education in the First Generation 507
Educational Outcomes for Offspring of the First Generation 507
Employment and Earnings Among the First Generation 509
Employment and Earnings Among the Second and Later Generations 510
Residential Integration 511
New Immigrant Destinations/Communities of Settlement 513
Conclusion 515
References 515
24: Economic Impacts of Migrant Remittances 521
Introduction 521
The Idealized Remittance Experiment 522
Getting Real 523
Identification Strategies to Test Remittance Impacts 524
Instrumental Variables 524
Selection Models 526
Panel Methods 527
What Have We Learned from Remittance Impact Studies? 528
Household Level Impacts 528
Income 528
Healthcare Spending and Health Outcomes 528
Schooling 529
Agricultural Productivity 530
Remittances and Poverty: A Micro View 531
Investments, Assets, and Business Ownership 532
Aggregate Impacts 533
Poverty 533
Income Inequality 534
Thinking Beyond Experiments 534
Conclusions 535
References 536
25: International Migration, Gender and Family: A Miroir from Latin America 538
Introduction 538
Feminization of Migration? Men and Women on the Move 541
Sex Composition of Regional Migration Stocks 542
Women in Migration. Perspectives from the Countries of Origin 545
A Heterogeneous Scenario: Men and Women in International Migration in Latin America 547
Implications of the Sex Composition of Migration Stocks 551
What Does the Age Composition of International Migration Tell Us? 555
Age Structure of Regional Migration Stocks at Destinations 558
International Migration and Its Interaction with Family Dynamics as Seen Through the Age Composition of the Stocks and Flows 559
International Migration, Marriage and the Family Life Cycle 560
Migration, Marriage and Gender 560
International Migration and the Family Life Cycle 561
Discussion 563
References 565
26: Urban Migration of Adolescent Girls: Quantitative Results from Developing Countries 568
The Demographic Evidence 570
Scale, Origins, and Time Trends 572
Is Most Urban Migration from Rural Villages? 576
Time Trends 578
Migration and Marriage 579
Are Migrant Urban Girls Disadvantaged? 580
Access to Public Services 581
Access to Social Resources 584
Human Capital Assets 584
Is China´s ``Floating Population´´ Disadvantaged? 587
How Migrant Girls Settle In 588
Residential Mobility 590
Associations of the Urban Poor 591
Conclusions and Recommendations 592
Research Recommendations 593
Appendix 594
Marriage-Related Selectivity Bias 596
Moving for . . . What? 597
References 598
27: Forced Migration 600
Defining Forced Migration: Categories and Boundaries 600
The Field of Forced Migration Studies 603
Changing Policy and Practice in Humanitarian Response 605
Urban vs. Camp-Based Populations 606
Mental Health as an Emerging Public Health Concern 607
Cluster Approaches, Military Actors and Humanitarianism 608
Displacement Outcomes 609
Warehousing and Protracted Displacement 610
Forced Return or Repatriation 611
Statelessness 612
Methodological and Ethical Issues in Forced Migration Research 612
Research Methods and Sampling 612
Other Practical and Ethical Issues 613
Current and Future Research Areas 614
Categories of Forced Migrants 614
Burden-Sharing 615
Forced Migrants as a Security Threat 616
Conclusion 616
References 616
Index 621