Sustainable Automotive Technologies 2014 (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Part IElectromobility 11
1 Range Extender Engines for Vehicles with Electrical Propulsion 12
Abstract 12
1 Introduction 12
2 Hybrid Topology 13
3 Analysis of the Range Extender Power Requirement 14
4 Complete Powertrain Analysis and Choice of Concept 18
5 Conclusions 20
References 20
2 Costs and Willingness-to-Pay for Electric Vehicles 22
Abstract 22
1 Introduction 22
2 Total Cost of Ownership of Electric Vehicles 23
3 Willingness-to-Pay for Electric Vehicles 25
4 Combination and Comparison of WTP and TCO 27
5 Conclusion 29
Acknowledgments 29
References 29
Part IIVehicle Dynamics 31
3 Better Road Design Using Clothoids 32
Abstract 32
1 Introduction 33
2 History and Definition of Clothoids 34
3 Clothoids in Road Design 36
3.1 Connecting a Straight Road to a Circle Using a Clothoid 37
3.2 Design Chart 45
4 Conclusion 47
References 47
4 Sustainable Flat Ride Suspension Design 48
Abstract 48
1 Introduction 49
2 Previous Works 50
3 Uncoupling the Car Bicycle Model 53
4 No Flat Ride Solution for Linear Suspension 56
5 Nonlinear Damper 57
6 Near Flat Ride Solution for Ideal, Nonlinear Damper 59
7 Conclusion 62
References 63
Part IIIEngine Technologies 64
5 Gasoline Combustion System Development for Volvo Cars All-New Engine Family 65
Abstract 65
1 Introduction 65
2 Gasoline Combustion System Development Process 67
3 Intake Port Design 68
3.1 Single-Cylinder Testing for Intake Port Design Evaluation 70
4 Conclusions 72
Acknowledgments 72
References 72
6 Use of Late IVC and EGR to Enhance Diesel Engine Optimization 73
Abstract 73
1 Introduction 74
2 Experimental 75
3 Results and Discussions 76
3.1 Analysis of Pressures and Heat Release 76
3.2 Results from the Combustion Results by Change in SOI, Pinj and LIVC 78
4 Conclusions 80
Acknowledgments 80
References 80
7 Numerical and Experimental Study of Stratified Turbulent Combustion in a Spray-Guided Gasoline Direct Injection Engine 83
Abstract 83
1 Introduction 83
2 Method 84
3 Experimental and Numerical Setups 85
4 Results and Discussions 86
5 Conclusions 89
Acknowledgments 89
References 89
8 Ignition Delay, Lift-off and Soot Luminescence in Diesel-Ethanol Spray Combustion 91
Abstract 91
1 Introduction 91
2 Experimental Apparatus 92
3 Results and Discussion 93
3.1 Spray Development 93
3.2 Delay Time of Ignition and Soot Formation 93
3.3 Lift-off Length 95
3.4 Soot Luminescence 96
4 Conclusions 97
Acknowledgments 97
References 97
9 Lean Upgrade of Aftertreatment Systems to Euro6b Compliance 98
Abstract 98
1 Introduction 98
1.1 Lean NOx Trap Technology 99
1.2 Objectives 99
2 System Design History 100
3 Euro6b Development and Solutions 102
3.1 PHEV System 102
3.2 AWD System 104
4 Concluding Remarks 106
References 106
10 Delivery Evaluation of High Pressure Natural Gas Fuel Injection 107
Abstract 107
1 Introduction 107
2 Experimental Method 108
3 Experimental Conditions 110
4 Results 110
4.1 Macro-geometric Structures 110
4.2 Shock Structures 113
5 Conclusion 115
References 115
11 Development of a Methodology to Evaluate the Energy Efficiency of Heavy Equipment 117
Abstract 117
1 Introduction 118
2 Challenge of Choosing the Right Testing Method 118
3 Workflow of the Methodology 119
4 Section of Analysis 120
5 Section of Decision 124
6 Section of Synthesis 125
7 Conclusion/Summary 126
References 127
Part IVSustainability 128
12 Full Cost Accounting in the Automotive Industry: A Systematic Review and Methodology Proposal 129
Abstract 129
1 Introduction 129
2 Motivation for FCA Tools 130
2.1 Decision-making Reasons 131
2.2 Business Reasons 131
2.3 Practical Reasons 132
3 Methods for the Systematic Review 132
4 Results and Discussion 133
4.1 The Targeted Audience 136
4.2 System Boundaries 136
4.3 Flexibility 137
5 Conclusions 137
References 138
13 Drivers of Sustainability in the Automotive Industry 139
Abstract 139
1 Introduction 139
2 Customers 140
3 Competition 142
4 Suppliers 143
5 Substitute Products/Services 143
6 Conclusion/Summary 146
References 146
Part VMaterial-Light Weight Design 148
14 Aspects of Damage Tolerance and Fatigue of CFRP Structural Components 149
Abstract 149
1 Introduction 150
2 Regulations in the Aerospace Industry 152
2.1 Definitions 152
2.2 Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Evaluation 153
3 General Approach 155
3.1 Damage Tolerance and Fatigue for CFRP Versus Metals 155
3.2 Threat Assessment 155
3.3 Detectability Thresholds 156
3.4 Zoning Diagram 158
4 Design Allowables 159
5 Full Scale/Component Testing 160
6 Conclusion/Summary 161
References 161
15 Corrosion Propagation Under Paint Films on Galvanized Steel: A Comparison of Phosphating and Thin Film Corrosion Pretreatment Technologies 163
Abstract 163
1 Introduction 164
2 Experimental 164
2.1 Material, Pretreatment and Coating 164
2.2 Accelerated Corrosion Exposure 164
2.3 Sample Characterization 165
3 Results 165
3.1 Characterization with XRD 165
3.2 Characterization of the Corrosion Products with SEM/EDS 166
3.3 Characterization with FT-IR 168
4 Discussion 169
References 170
16 Lightweight Design of Composite Sandwich Structures 171
Abstract 171
1 Introduction 171
2 Blades for Composite Rotor Systems and Wings 173
3 Carbon Composite Sandwich Structures for Space Satellites 175
4 Al-Honey Comb Structure with CFC Face Sheets 175
5 Multifunctional Sandwich Fuselage Helicopter Structures 176
6 Conclusion/Summary 177
Acknowledgements 178
References 178
Part VIAlternative and Renewable Fuels 179
17 Effects of Natural Gas Percentage on Performance and Emissions of a Natural Gas/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine 180
Abstract 180
1 Introduction 180
2 Experimental Setup and Methodology 181
2.1 The Single-Cylinder Engine 181
2.2 Methodology 182
3 Results and Discussion 182
3.1 Cylinder Pressure and Total Heat Release Rate Traces 183
3.2 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 185
3.3 CO2 Emissions 185
3.4 UHC Emissions 185
3.5 CO Emissions 186
4 Conclusions 186
Acknowledgments 187
References 187
18 Investigation of Cold Start Operability, Long Term Impact, Emissions and Fuel Consumption of HVO Fuel in Volvo Car Engines and Vehicles 188
Abstract 188
1 Introduction 188
2 Fuels and Methodology 189
2.1 Fuels 189
2.2 Methodology 189
3 Results and Discussion 190
3.1 Cold Start Operability 190
3.2 Durability 191
3.3 Engine-Out Emission Tests 191
3.4 Vehicle Emission Tests 193
4 Conclusions 194
Acknowledgments 195
References 195
19 Assessment of the Viability of Vegetable Oil Fuels: Species, Land, Social, Environmental, Population and Safety Considerations 196
Abstract 196
1 Introduction 197
2 Literature Review 199
3 Availability and Status of Non-food Oil-Producing Species 201
4 Land Available for Renewable Energy Production 205
5 Social and Environmental Considerations 206
6 Population 207
7 Potential for Improved Safety by Using High Flashpoint Fuels 208
8 Conclusions 210
References 212
20 Design of a New Innovative High Pressure Hydrogen System Depending on Multi-layer Section 215
Abstract 215
1 Introduction 215
2 Structure of the New Hydrogen Storage System 217
3 Conclusion/Summary 220
References 221
Part VIISafety 222
21 Emergency Management Support by Spatial Reasoning 223
Abstract 223
1 Introduction 223
2 Motivating Example 224
3 Framework 226
4 From Models to Spatial Properties Checking 227
5 Conclusion 228
References 228
22 Analytical and Numerical Approach of Dynamic Behaviour of Flexible Metal Mesh Structures 229
Abstract 229
1 Motivation 230
2 Methodology 230
2.1 Analytical Approach 231
2.2 Numerical Approach 231
3 Conclusion/Summary 233
References 233