Medical Imaging Technology (eBook)

Dr. Khin Wee Lai obtained his PhD in Biomedical Engineering under DAAD PhD sandwich program between Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru. His research interests include medical imaging, 3D reconstruction and visualization, medical informatics and medical instrumentation. He is a professional member of ACM and he served as the member of board of editorial for a few international journals. Meanwhile, he is also the program committee and peer reviewer for over 20 international conferences. He has more than 30 publications and book chapters in the field of biomedical image processing.Dr. Dyah Ekashanti Octorina Dewi is with IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Center, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. She obtained her PhD from Biomedical Engineering (Medical Sciences), Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands. Her research interests include Bio Medical Imaging, Image Processing and Analysis, and Imaging Phantom. In the future she will focus her research on Rehabilitative Imaging.

Contents 6
1 Improved Ultrasound Imaging for Knee Osteoarthritis Detection 10
Abstract 10
1.1 Introduction 11
1.1.1 Procedure of US Scanning Protocol 14
1.2 Technical Review of HE and AD Method 15
1.2.1 Review of Existing Contrast Enhancement System 15
1.2.2 Review on Existing Speckle Reduction Methods 17
1.3 Methodology 23
1.4 Proposed Contrast Enhancement Method 23
1.4.1 Multipurpose Beta Optimizes Recursive Bi-histogram Equalization 23
1.4.2 Preservation of Brightness Score (PBS) Function 25
1.4.3 The Optimum Contrast Score (OCS) Function 26
1.4.4 Preservation of Detail Score (PDS) Function 27
1.4.5 Construction of Final Score Function 28
1.4.6 The Proposed AD Method 28
1.4.7 Diffusivity Function for the Proposed AD Method 28
1.4.8 Estimation of Gradient Threshold for the Proposed AD Method 30
1.4.9 Stopping Criterion for the Proposed AD Method 31
1.4.10 Summary of the Proposed AD Method 32
1.4.11 Measurement Tools to Assess US Image Quality 32
1.5 Result and Discussion 34
1.5.1 For Proposed Contrast Enhancement Method 34
1.5.1.1 Qualitative Analysis 34
1.5.1.2 Quantitative Analysis 36
1.5.1.3 Histogram Equalization 36
1.5.1.4 Mean Shift 39
1.5.1.5 Graph by Entropy 39
1.5.2 For Proposed AD Method 40
1.5.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 40
1.5.2.2 Test on Cartilage Image 42
1.5.2.3 Quantitative Analysis 43
1.6 Conclusion and Future Work 45
Acknowledgments 46
Appendix 46
References 47
2 Review on Image Guided Lung Biopsy 50
Abstract 50
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 Image Guided Biopsy 52
2.2.1 Image Guided Biopsy System 52
2.2.2 Image Guided Biopsy Testing 53
2.3 Bronchoscopy Based Method 54
2.3.1 Procedure 54
2.3.2 Technologies and Methods 55
2.3.3 Clinical Value 59
2.4 Needle Based Method 60
2.4.1 Procedure 60
2.4.2 Technologies and Methods 60
2.4.3 Clinical Value 62
2.5 Conclusion 63
References 63
3 Position Tracking Systems for Ultrasound Imaging: A Survey 66
Abstract 66
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Position Tracking Technology 68
3.2.1 Optical Tracking System 68
3.2.2 Electromagnetic Tracking System 72
3.2.3 Inertial Tracking System 74
3.2.4 Mechanical Tracking System 75
3.2.5 Hybrid Tracking System 77
3.2.6 Other System (Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Consoles) 79
3.3 Ultrasound Imaging and Position Tracking Integration 81
3.4 Conclusions 93
References 93
4 Multimodal Medical Image Fusion in Cardiovascular Applications 99
Abstract 99
4.1 Introduction 100
4.2 Multimodal Image Fusion 102
4.2.1 Image Fusion 102
4.2.2 Fusion Levels 103
4.2.3 Imaging Modalities 104
4.2.4 Modality Combinations 107
4.2.5 Image Registration 108
4.2.6 Medical Image Fusion Techniques 109
4.3 Quality Assessment 110
4.3.1 Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI) 110
4.3.2 Mutual Information 111
4.3.3 Entropy 111
4.3.4 Structural Similarity Image Measure 112
4.4 Conclusions 113
References 113
5 Performance Evaluation of Lung Segmentation 118
Abstract 118
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Performance Evaluation Methods 120
5.2.1 Quantitative Methods 120
5.2.1.1 Area Based Evaluation Method 121
Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) 121
Jaccard Index 121
Relative Volume Difference (RVD) 121
Volume Overlap Error (VOE) 122
5.2.1.2 Surface Based Evaluation Method 122
Average Symmetric Surface Distance (ASSD) 122
Root Mean Square Symmetric Surface Distance (RMSD) 122
Euclidean Distance Metric 123
Polyline Distance Metric (PDM) 123
Hausdorff Distance 125
5.2.2 Qualitative Methods 125
5.2.2.1 Bland-Altman Plot 125
5.2.2.2 Scatter Plot 126
5.3 Performance Evaluation of Automated Lung Segmentation Systems (ALSS) 126
5.3.1 Data Acquisition 126
5.3.2 Manual Tracing 127
5.3.3 Automatic Lung Segmentation System (ALSS) 127
5.3.4 Performance Evaluation Measures 128
5.4 Results 128
5.5 Discussion 131
5.6 Conclusion 133
References 133
6 A Review on Fluid Simulation Method for Blood Flow Representation 135
Abstract 135
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 Application of Blood Flow Simulation for Surgical Planning 136
6.3 Overview of Blood Flow Physiology and Environment 137
6.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 138
6.4.1 Mesh-Based Method 140
6.4.2 Mesh-less Method 142
6.5 Real-Time Blood Flow Simulation 143
6.6 Discussion 144
6.7 Conclusion 146
Acknowledgments 146
References 146
7 State of the Art in the 3D Cardiovascular Visualization 148
Abstract 148
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Overview of Flow Visualization 150
7.3 Visualization Pipeline 151
7.3.1 Data Acquisition 152
7.3.2 Data Enrichment/Enhancement 152
7.3.2.1 Filtering 152
7.3.2.2 Data Selection 152
7.3.2.3 Interpolation 153
7.3.3 Visualization Mapping 153
7.3.4 Rendering and Display 154
7.3.5 Visualization Pipeline Summary 155
7.4 Flow Visualisation Classification 156
7.4.1 Research in Flow Visualization 157
7.4.2 Integration-Based and Geometric Flow Visualization Technique 157
7.4.3 Dense and Texture Based Technique 161
7.5 Analysis and Discussion 167
7.6 Applications and Available Systems 170
7.7 Conclusion 171
References 172
8 Virtual Surgery, Applications and Limitations 174
Abstract 174
8.1 Introduction 174
8.2 Medical Images 176
8.3 Virtual Reality in Medicine 176
8.3.1 2D Images 177
8.3.2 3D Images 177
8.3.3 3D Virtual Body Structures 178
8.4 Different Generation of Surgery 179
8.4.1 Early Times 179
8.4.2 Refining the Appearance 179
8.4.3 Adding Physiological Details 180
8.5 Surgical Simulator Requirements 180
8.5.1 Data Acquisition 180
8.5.2 Imaging Modalities 180
8.5.3 Segmentation 181
8.5.4 Fusion of Multi-Modality Data 181
8.5.5 Registration 182
8.5.6 Modeling 182
8.5.7 Interaction 182
8.6 Area of VR Simulation 183
8.6.1 Training 183
8.6.2 Diagnosis and Pre-operative Planning 184
8.6.3 Intra Operating 184
8.6.4 Assistance Surgery Tools 185
8.6.5 Touch Simulation 185
8.7 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Simulators 185
8.7.1 Virtual Reality 185
8.7.2 Augmented Reality 187
8.8 Conclusion 193
Acknowledgments 193
References 193
9 Oriented Speckle Reducing Anisotropic Diffusion (OSRAD) for Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) 201
Abstract 201
9.1 Introduction 201
9.2 Review on Existing Speckle Reduction Methods 202
9.3 Methodology 205
9.4 Conclusion and Future Work 207
References 207
10 Measurement of Ultrasound Attenuation and Protein Denaturation Behavior During Hyperthermia Monitoring 208
Abstract 208
10.1 Introduction 209
10.2 Literature Review 210
10.2.1 Human Breast Anatomy and Breast Cancer 210
10.2.2 Hyperthermia Therapy and Its Thermometry Monitoring Using Ultrasound 211
10.3 Methodology 212
10.3.1 Experimental Set up 212
10.3.2 Animal Handling 213
10.3.3 Tissue Preparation Study 214
10.3.4 Total Protein Measurement 215
10.3.5 Histology of Breast Tissue 216
10.3.6 Ultrasound Attenuation Analysis 216
10.3.7 Statistical Analysis 217
10.4 Result and Discussion 217
10.4.1 Histology Result 217
10.4.2 Ultrasound Attenuation Result and Discussion 218
10.4.3 Total Protein Measurement in Tissue After Hyperthermia 222
10.5 Conclusion 223
References 223
11 Development of Flexible Bronchoscope Device Using Soft Actuator 226
Abstract 226
11.1 Introduction 227
11.1.1 Flexible Bronchoscope 227
11.1.2 Airway Anatomy for Bronchoscopist 228
11.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Flexible Bronchoscope 229
11.1.4 Development of Soft Actuator 229
11.2 Various Fiber Structure Concept to Produce Twisting and Bending Soft Actuator 231
11.2.1 Bending Soft Actuator with Two Chambers and Single 90? Fiber Angle Structure 231
11.2.2 Bending Soft Actuator with Two Chambers and Single Cross Sectional Fiber Angle Structure 231
11.2.3 Twisting Soft Actuator with One Chamber and Parallel Fiber Angle Structure 232
11.3 Manufacturing Process of Twisting and Bending Soft Actuator 232
11.3.1 Design and Specification 232
11.3.2 Fabrication of Twisting and Bending Soft Actuator 234
11.3.3 Implementation 239
11.4 Experimental Results of Twisting and Bending Soft Actuator 240
11.5 Discussion 242
11.6 Conclusions 243
Acknowledgments 243
References 243