Urban Transportation and the Environment (eBook)

Sudhakar Yedla is a professor of Environmental Policy at Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai, India. He is also a member of Court (Board), Central University of Jharkhand and guest faculty at Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Bhopal. He has a PhD in Environmental Engineering from the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, India. He has a Diploma in International Environmental Law from UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), Switzerland and Certification in Environmental Economics and Development Policy from the World Bank Institute, Washington, D. C., USA. His area of expertise includes Urban Environmental Policy, Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Mobility. Earlier he was a faculty member at the University of Ulsan, South Korea; Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand; and National Institute of Technology (NIT), Warangal. He had served the Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan as a Policy Researcher and National Institute of Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan as a Fellow. He had also served UNDP as GEF and SDG consultant, UNESCAP as Sustainable City consultant, UNEP, UN-FAO and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) as a Project Director for their regional initiatives on Roles of Agriculture, Climate Change and Transportation. Prof. Yedla was also a Visiting Research Fellow at the Korean Institute of International Economic Policy (KIEP), Seoul, South Korea. He has published extensively (over 100) in international journals and authored books and serving editorial boards of a number of international journals. He has been invited extensively by national and international organizations and universities to give lectures. He is a member of a large number of academic societies and won more than 10 prestigious fellowships internationally. He has also been serving various corporate giants such as Cisco as a CSR reviewer.

Preface 8
Acknowledgments 12
Contents 14
About the Author 20
Abbreviations 22
List of Boxes 24
List of Figures 26
List of Tables 28
Chapter 1: Transportation Planning: The Basic Constructs 30
1.1 Basic Principles ofPlanning 30
1.2 Transportation Planning: Principles ofAccess, Affordability, andSustainability 31
1.2.1 Baseline andIncrementality 31
1.2.2 Accessibility 32
1.2.3 Travel Demand 32
1.2.4 Alternative Modes ofTransport 32
1.2.5 Equity Principle 33
1.2.6 LandUse 33
1.2.7 Economic Valuation 34
1.2.8 Sustainability Principle 34
1.3 City andTransportation Planning Models 36
References 37
Chapter 2: Urban Transportation Trends: An Overview 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Issues in Urban Transportation 39
2.2.1 Growth in Vehicular Stock 39
2.2.2 Vehicular Density 42
2.2.3 Travel Demand 43
2.2.4 Road Density 44
2.2.5 Share of Different Modes in Providing Travel Service 45
2.3 Environmental Emissions from Road Transport and Ambient Air Quality 45
2.3.1 Ambient Air Quality in Different Cities 46
2.3.2 Share of the Transport Sector 48
2.3.3 Vehicle Harboring and Pollution 48
2.4 Alternatives Options in Urban Transportation 49
2.5 National Initiatives to Address Transportation Issues 49
Box 2.1: Directives of the Supreme Court Aiming at Environmental Emission Control 52
Box 2.2: Recommendations by the Committee Constituted by Mumbai High Court 52
Box 2.3: Gasoline Lead Phase-Out Program in India 54
References 55
Chapter 3: Transport Service Provision: Environmental andOther Implications 57
3.1 Service Inadequacy andCongestion 57
3.2 Energy Consumption 60
3.3 Safety/Accidents 61
3.4 Environmental andCO2 Emissions andNoise Pollution 63
3.5 ASIF Framework toConsolidate theIssues 64
References 66
Chapter 4: Alternative Measures andTheir Assessment 67
4.1 Review ofAlternative Measures inUrban Transportation 67
4.1.1 Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) 67
4.1.2 LPG Technology 68
4.1.3 Electric Vehicles 68
4.1.4 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 70
4.1.5 Fuel Cells 70
4.1.6 Hydrogen Energy 71
4.1.7 Biofuels 71
4.1.8 Inspection andMaintenance (IandM) andCertification System 72
4.1.9 Retrofitting ofEmission Control Devices 72
4.1.10 Traffic Management andConstruction ofBypasses 73
4.1.11 Construction ofMetro Rail, Monorail, andBRTS 73
4.2 Methodological Approach fortheAssessment ofAlternatives 74
4.2.1 Energy-Saving Potential 75
4.2.2 Emission Reduction Potential 76
4.2.2.1 Data Input andAssumptions 77
4.2.3 Economic Viability 77
4.2.3.1 Levelized Costs (LC)oftheSelected Options 78
4.2.3.2 Life Cycle Costs (LCC) oftheAlternative Options 78
4.2.3.3 Pollution Abatement Cost (PAC) 78
4.3 Empirical Presentation 79
4.3.1 Data Requirements andAssumptions 80
4.3.2 Cost-Effectiveness oftheAlternatives 82
4.3.2.1 Life Cycle Costs (LCC) oftheSelected Options 83
4.3.2.2 Pollution Abatement Cost (PAC) 84
References 84
Chapter 5: Non-motorized Modes ofTransport 85
5.1 Present Scenario ofNon-motorized Transport 85
5.2 Factors Favoring Non-motorized Transportation 87
5.3 Socioeconomic andSustainability Potential ofNon-motorized Transport 90
5.3.1 Why Non-motorized Transport? 90
5.3.2 Socioeconomic Benefits ofNMT 92
References 94
Chapter 6: Barriers fortheImplementation ofNMT andOther Cleaner Modes ofTransport 96
6.1 Non-motorized Modes ofTransportation 96
6.1.1 Social Barriers 96
6.1.2 Financial Barriers 97
6.1.3 Infrastructure Barriers 98
6.1.4 Institutional Barriers 98
6.1.5 Administrative Barriers 99
6.1.6 Natural/Culture Barriers 99
6.2 Cleaner Fuels andTechnological Alternatives 100
6.3 Prioritization ofAlternatives by Analytic Hierarchy Process 102
6.3.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process 103
6.4 Application ofAHP toPrioritize Barriers 104
6.4.1 Formulation oftheProblem 105
6.4.1.1 Objective 105
6.4.1.2 Actors 105
6.4.1.3 Criteria 105
6.4.1.4 Decision Alternatives 105
6.4.1.5 Pair-Wise Comparison Matrix 106
6.4.1.6 Design ofQuestionnaire andSurvey 107
6.4.2 Derivation ofRank forBarriers 108
6.4.2.1 Prioritization ofBarriers 109
References 111
Chapter 7: Policy Analysis forSustainability 113
7.1 Policy Measures toPromote Non-motorized Modes ofTransport 113
7.1.1 Identification ofPolicies Measures 113
7.1.2 Assessment ofSocioeconomic andEnvironmental Benefits 114
7.1.2.1 Policies toIntegrate NMT withthePublic Transport System Planning at City/Municipality Level 114
7.1.2.2 Formulation ofNational Strategy forNMT asaFacilitating Framework forLocal Plans 115
7.1.2.3 Policies toExtend More Specific Incorporation ofNMT inNational Transportation Policy 115
7.1.2.4 Incorporation ofStandards fortheBicyclist andPedestrian Provisions inNew Road Infrastructure Design 115
7.1.2.5 Policies toProvide NMT-Friendly Infrastructure 116
7.1.2.6 Policies toProvide Soft Loans andRelaxing Excise Duty onImporting Bicycles/Bicycle Parts 116
7.1.2.7 Policies toMake Regulations Safeguarding NMT Users andtoDevelop Respect fortheNMT Users Among theLaw-Enforcing Officer... 117
7.1.2.8 Policies toConduct Awareness-Raising Campaigns 117
7.1.3 Methodology forthePrioritization ofPolicy Measures inMulti-criteria Approach 117
7.1.3.1 Establishing Evaluation Criteria 117
7.1.3.2 Multi-stakeholders 117
7.1.3.3 Scale 118
7.1.4 Case Study 120
7.1.5 Short-Term andLong-Term Measures fortheImplementation ofNon-motorized Modes ofTransport 121
7.1.6 Costs andBenefits ofInitiative toPromote NMT inMumbai: An Indicative Presentation 125
7.2 Policy Measures toPromote Cleaner andAlternative Modes ofTransportation 126
7.2.1 Methodology forthePrioritization ofPolicy Measures Based onMulti-criteria Framework 127
7.2.1.1 Defining theProblem 127
7.2.1.2 Identification ofSuitable Policy Measures 127
7.2.1.3 Establishing Evaluation Criteria 127
7.2.1.4 Weighing Alternative Policy Measures 127
7.2.2 Case Study 129
7.2.2.1 Selection ofAlternative Policies andTheir Weights 129
7.2.2.2 Criteria forPolicy Analysis 135
Economic Considerations 135
7.2.2.3 Selection ofCriteria 137
7.2.2.4 Prioritization ofPolicies Based onCriteria 137
AdministrativeCost 138
Financial Burden 138
Human Resource Benefits 140
Administrative Capability/Feasibility 141
Political Acceptability 143
Equity Considerations 143
7.2.3 Measures toPromote Alternative Transport Options 144
Reference 148
Chapter 8: Economic andRegulatory Measures forEnvironmentally Sustainable Urban Transportation 149
8.1 Policy Measures (PMs) forthePromotion ofNMT 149
8.1.1 Institutionalization Policies 149
8.1.2 Infrastructure Policies 151
8.1.3 Financial Policies 152
8.1.4 Administrative Policies 152
8.1.5 Social Policies 153
8.2 Policy Measures toPromote Cleaner Alternatives inTransportation 153
8.2.1 Market Approach 154
8.2.2 Innovative Financial Mechanisms 156
8.2.3 Information, Education, andTechnical Assistance Programs 159
8.2.4 Command andControl Measures (Ranging from Voluntary Agreements toSetting Up ofStandards) 160
8.3 Review ofPolicy Initiative andRegulatory Measures inIndian Transport Sector 161
8.3.1 Emission Standards andRegulatory Measures 161
8.3.2 Judicial Interventions 162
8.3.3 Measures toPromote Cleaner Fuels 162
8.4 National Urban Transportation Policy 163
8.5 Internalizing Environmental Concerns intotheLong-Term Urban Transportation Planning 164
8.5.1 Least Cost Approach toLong-Term Urban Transportation Planning: Optimization Model 164
8.5.1.1 Methodology 164
Objective Function 165
8.5.1.2 Travel Demand Constraints 165
Passenger Travel Demand 165
Freight Travel Demand 166
Availability 166
Vehicle Stock 167
Resource Constraints 167
Emission Constraints 167
8.5.2 Case Study 169
References 170
Chapter 9: Choosing Between Global Environmental Strategies Vis-à-Vis Local Mitigation Strategies: Application ofMulti-criteria... 172
9.1 Introduction 172
9.2 Objectives oftheStudy 173
9.3 Methodology 174
9.3.1 Optimization Model 174
9.3.1.1 Objective Function 174
9.3.2 Transportation Planning forMumbai 175
9.3.2.1 Comparative Analysis ofEmission Mitigation Strategies 175
9.4 Potential Candidates forEnergy Efficiency andPollution Mitigation 175
9.5 Transportation Planning forSustainable Mobility 176
9.5.1 Transportation Planning forMumbai Without Efforts forEmission Mitigation 176
9.5.2 Optimal Vehicular Mix forCO2 Control Strategies 177
9.5.3 Optimal Vehicular Mix forTSP Control Strategies 178
9.5.4 Optimal Vehicular Mix forHC Control Strategies 180
9.5.5 Marginal AbatementCost 182
References 183