Online Collective Action (eBook)

Preface 6
Glossary 12
Acknowledgments 18
Contents 20
List of Contributors 22
Part I: Concepts, Theories, and Methodologies 24
Sentiment Analysis in Social Media 25
1 Introduction 25
2 Sentiment Analysis 26
2.1 Behind the Scenes 28
3 Sentiment Analysis in Social Media 30
4 Datasets 33
5 Sentiment Analysis Tools 34
6 Summary and Conclusions 35
References 36
Emotion Analysis on Social Media: Natural Language Processing Approaches and Applications 40
1 Introduction 40
2 Concepts and Motivations 43
3 Approaches to Identifying Emotion Components 46
3.1 Emotional Expression 46
3.2 Emotion Holder 48
3.3 Emotion Topic 49
3.4 Need of Emotion Co-reference 49
3.5 Results 51
4 Application in Emotion Tracking 52
4.1 Tracking Bloggers´ Emotions 52
4.2 Sentiment Event Tracking 53
5 Conclusions 54
References 55
Discovering Flow of Sentiment and Transient Behavior of Online Social Crowd: An Analysis Through Social Insects 59
1 Background and Introduction 60
2 Definitions, Terminologies and Mathematical Interpretations 62
3 Pheromone Communication and Social Network: Functional Analogy 62
4 Presentation of Data Snippets and Analysis with Proposed Model 64
4.1 Proposed Algorithm and Analysis 65
4.2 Validating the Flow of Information 70
4.3 Post-Simulation Experience and Visualization 73
5 Conclusion and Further Scope of Research 76
References 76
Collective Emotions Online 78
1 Introduction 79
2 Data 80
2.1 Datasets 80
2.2 Algorithms 81
3 Cluster Distribution 82
4 Life-Span of the BBC Forum and Digg Communities 86
5 Users Impact on the Discussion in the BBC Forum 88
6 Conclusions 91
References 91
Evaluation of Media-Based Social Interactions: Linking Collective Actions to Media Types, Applications, and Devices in Social ... 94
1 Introduction 95
2 Related Work 96
3 A Human-Readable Technique for Representing and Evaluating Social Interactions 97
3.1 Social Interactions in the Mechner Language 97
3.2 Behavioral Contingencies Representation 98
3.3 Behavioral Contingency Measurement 100
3.4 Experiences from Applying our Technique 101
4 A Method for Representing and Measuring Social Interactions 102
4.1 Capturing 102
4.2 Preparation 102
4.3 Representation 103
4.4 Measurement 104
4.5 Interpretation 104
4.6 Specialization 104
5 Representing and Measuring Social Interactions on Facebook 105
5.1 Data Capturing and Preparation 105
5.2 Representing and Measuring Social Interactions 106
5.3 Media Types Within Social Interactions 108
5.4 Web Applications and Mobile Devices Within Media-Based Social Interactions 109
5.5 Summarization of Results 110
6 Final Remarks 111
References 112
Part II: Applications 115
The Studies of Blogs and Online Communities: From Information to Knowledge and Action 116
1 Introduction 116
2 Conceptual Background 118
3 Methodology and Selection Criteria 121
3.1 Development of the Selection Criteria 122
3.2 Selecting a Blog Search Engine 122
3.3 Search String 122
3.4 Building the Database 123
3.5 Cleaning the Database 123
3.6 Developing Blog Attributes (Primary Analysis) 124
3.7 Data Analysis and Network Mapping 124
4 Overview of Results 125
4.1 Mapping of the Information Dissemination within the Blog Space 125
4.2 Mapping the Semantic Association and Knowledge Creation in Blogs 128
4.3 Mapping of the Impact of Information Dissemination and the Emergence of Community Relationships 130
5 Conclusions and Managerial Implications 132
References 135
Using Contemporary Collective Action to Understand the Use of Computer-Mediated Communication in Virtual Citizen Science 137
1 Introduction 137
2 The Integration of Computer-Mediated Communication into Citizen Science 138
3 The Zooniverse: An Illustration of Virtual Citizen Science 139
4 Online Collective Action and Virtual Citizen Science 142
5 Conclusion 146
References 147
Socially Networked Citizen Science and the Crowd-Sourcing of Pro-Environmental Collective Actions 149
1 Introduction 150
2 The Transition from First Generation to ``Next Generation´´ Citizen Science to Support Ecological Research, Conservation, an... 152
3 YardMap as an Example of a Citizen Science Practice Network 154
4 The Added Value of Geocollaboration Tools 154
5 What Game Theoretic Models and Behavioral Games Say About Human Potential for Collective Action 156
6 How Proximate Mechanisms Can Engender Cooperation in Citizen Science Practice Networks 158
7 Designing Citizen Science Practice Networks to Support Pro-Environmental Behavior 161
8 Shifting Attitudes, Behaviors, and Social Norms within Electronic Practice Networks 164
References 165
Part III: Case Studies 169
The Spanish ``Indignados´´ Movement: Time Dynamics, Geographical Distribution, and Recruitment Mechanisms 170
1 Introduction 171
2 Network Theory in a Nutshell 172
3 Data Collection and Modelling 175
4 Methods and Findings 177
4.1 Time Dynamics: Movement Growth and Saturation 177
4.2 Spatial Dynamics: Communities and Geography 180
4.3 Recruitment Dynamics: The Activation of Users 183
4.3.1 The Network Position of Recruitment Seeds 183
4.3.2 The Network Position of Information Spreaders 184
5 Conclusions 188
Appendix: Protests Organizers 190
References 190
The Strength of Tweet Ties 193
1 Introduction 193
2 Background 195
3 Social Movement Theory, Framing, and Twitter 196
4 Data, Methods, and Analysis 202
5 Conclusions 206
References 207
The Arab Spring in North Africa: Still Winter in Morocco? 210
1 Introduction 210
2 Digital Divide and Collective Action Frames 211
3 Methods 214
4 The Context: The Moroccan Blogosphere 215
5 Online Collective Action in the Blogoma 216
6 Influencing Offline Politics and Social Movements 219
7 Conclusion 221
References 222
Online and Offline Advocacy for American Hijabis: Organizational and Organic Tactical Configurations 225
1 Introduction 226
2 Framing Organic and Organizational Collective Action 227
3 The Tactic Is the Technology 229
4 Methods 229
5 Target Populations 230
6 Frames of the Hijabis Fashion Community 230
7 Confluence of Frames 232
8 Hijab in the Workplace 234
9 Tactical Repertoires 236
10 Conclusion 237
Works Cited 238
Editor Biographies 241