Innovation and Entrepreneurship (eBook)

Series Foreword 6
Preface 10
Contents 14
Chapter 1: Introduction to Technological Innovation 18
1.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 18
1.1.1 Technology 19
1.1.2 Technology Management 19
1.1.3 Invention 20
1.1.4 Creativity 20
1.1.4.1 When, Why and How Creativity Arises 20
1.1.4.2 Creativity in an Organizational Context 22
1.1.4.3 Environmental Effects on Creativity 22
1.1.5 Innovation 23
1.1.6 The Concept of Technological Innovation 25
1.2 Innovation Posture, Propensity and Performance 29
1.3 Innovation Measurement 30
1.4 Competitiveness 33
1.5 A Historical and Socio-Technical Perspective on Innovation 34
1.6 Common Frameworks and Typologies to Characterize Innovations 36
1.7 Innovation Process 38
References 41
Chapter 2: Introduction to Innovation Management 44
2.1 Innovation Management Through Management of Knowledge and Education 44
2.1.1 The Role of Knowledge in Innovation 45
2.1.2 Knowledge/Meta-Knowledge 46
2.1.3 Knowledge–Learning Relation 47
2.1.3.1 Types of Learning 48
2.1.3.2 Learning/Meta-Learning 49
2.1.3.3 Knowledge Management 49
2.1.3.4 Cognitive/Meta-Cognitive Process 50
2.1.4 The Model of Organizational Cognition Spiral 50
2.2 Difference Between Innovation–Invention 54
2.3 Types and Characteristics of Innovation 56
2.3.1 Types of Technological (and Non-technological) Innovation 56
2.3.2 Characteristics of Innovation 58
References 60
Chapter 3: Innovation and Competitiveness: Case Study 64
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Innovation-Case Study ?EROX 64
3.2.1 XEROX Background and History 64
3.2.2 Innovation: Sequence of Errors 68
3.3 Creativity, Innovation and Competitiveness (CIC) in Public and Private Sectors 73
3.4 Concepts and Empirical Observations: Case Studies 79
3.4.1 Subject 1: Key Figures of Innovation and Creativity 81
3.4.2 Subject 2: Drivers of Innovation-Catalysts and Prohibitive Factors 81
3.4.3 Subject 3: A Quick Look at the Current State of Play in Various Countries-Challenges and Opportunities 83
3.5 The Role of the Public Sector in Promoting Creativity, Innovation and Competitiveness (CIC) 84
3.5.1 Public–Private Partnerships Promoting CIC 86
3.5.2 The Role of Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), such as the World Bank in Promoting CIC 87
References 88
Chapter 4: Innovation as a Management Process 90
4.1 Introduction to Technological Innovation Management 90
4.1.1 How Could a Company Enhance Its Capacity for Innovation 91
4.2 What Is the Management of Technological Innovation and Why Is It Important? 92
4.2.1 A Corporate Perspective 96
4.2.2 A National Perspective 97
4.2.3 A Theoretical Perspective-Evolutionary Economy 98
4.2.4 Significant Characteristics of the New Growth Theory 99
4.2.5 An Individual Perspective 100
4.3 Challenges in Technological Innovation Management 100
4.4 Case Study in Technological Innovation Management 101
4.4.1 Biotechnology Company 101
4.5 Innovation Management Techniques (IMTs) 103
4.5.1 Examples of IMTs 106
4.5.1.1 Technology Audit 106
4.5.1.2 SWOT Analysis 107
SWOT Analysis Framework 108
Action Checklist 109
4.5.1.3 The Black Box Method 112
Black-Box Testing 113
Equivalence Testing and Boundary Value Analysis 114
Functional Testing 115
4.5.1.4 System and Process Analysis 115
Problem Solving Phase 116
References 121
Chapter 5: Innovation Systems 122
5.1 What Is a System? 122
5.2 The Concept of Innovation Systems 123
5.2.1 Types of Innovation Systems 125
5.3 Basic Principles of Innovation Systems 126
5.4 Innovation Systems and Simulation Systems 127
5.5 System Dynamics as a Concept, Tool, and Process 127
5.5.1 Building a System Dynamics Model 127
5.5.1.1 System Dynamics Models 127
5.6 Innovation Systems: Sectoral, Regional, National—Case Studies 129
5.6.1 Sectoral Innovation Systems 129
5.6.1.1 Sectoral Specificity 130
5.6.2 Regional Innovation Systems 131
5.6.2.1 The Importance of Proximity 132
5.6.3 National Innovation Systems 133
5.6.3.1 Determination of the NIS Actors 135
5.6.3.2 Types of Interactions in an NIS 137
1.Interactions Between Firms 137
2.Interaction Between the Private and Public Research Sector 137
3.Technology Diffusion 138
4.Staff Mobility 140
5.6.3.3 Empirical Basis for Focusing on National Level 141
5.6.3.4 Distinction of the National Innovation System 142
5.6.3.5 Examples of National Innovation Systems 144
5.7 Application of System Dynamics in the Study of National Innovation Systems 147
References 150
Chapter 6: Introduction to Technological Entrepreneurship 153
6.1 Introduction–Definitions 153
6.2 Types of Entrepreneurship 155
6.2.1 Mixed Entrepreneurship 155
6.2.1.1 Employee Entrepreneurship 155
6.2.1.2 Capitalist Entrepreneurship 156
6.2.2 Pure Entrepreneurship 156
6.2.3 Social Entrepreneurship 156
6.2.4 Collaborative Entrepreneurship 156
6.2.5 Internal Entrepreneurship 157
6.2.6 External Entrepreneurship 157
6.3 Sustainable Entrepreneurship 160
6.4 The Model of the Learning Lifecycle and the Learning Strategy 165
6.4.1 Environmental Context 166
6.4.2 Learning Strategy 167
6.5 Incubators 168
6.5.1 What is a Business Incubator (BI)? 168
6.5.2 Determination of the Five Incubator Services 170
References 172
Chapter 7: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Practices 174
7.1 Technology Management and Transfer 174
7.1.1 General 174
7.1.2 Technology 175
7.1.3 Technology Transfer 176
7.1.3.1 Technology Transfer as an Investment 178
7.1.3.2 Technology Transfer as Skills Transfer 179
7.1.3.3 Technology Transfer and ‘Technology Gap’ 179
7.1.4 Technology Transfer Mechanisms 179
7.1.4.1 Foreign Direct Investment 180
7.1.4.2 License Agreements 183
7.1.4.3 Technology Alliance/Business Alliances 183
7.1.4.4 Technical Assistance and Cooperation 184
7.1.4.5 Outsourcing–Offshoring 184
7.1.4.6 Exporting 185
7.1.4.7 Capital Goods 186
7.1.4.8 Through People, Print Media and Reports 186
7.1.5 Technology Transfer Models 187
7.1.6 The Vicious Circle of Underdevelopment Versus Technology Transfer 189
7.1.7 Technology Transfer Obstacles 191
7.1.8 Success Factors for Technology Transfer 191
7.1.8.1 Selecting the Appropriate Technology 192
7.1.9 Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) 193
7.1.10 Spin Offs 194
7.1.11 Strategic Alliances 195
7.1.12 Technology Transfer and Commercialization Metrics 195
7.1.12.1 Problems with Existing Institutional Frameworks for Technology Transfer Metrics 197
7.1.13 The Case Study as an Evaluation Tool 199
7.1.13.1 Case Studies as Examples of Technology Transfer and Commercialization Performance Metrics 200
7.1.14 NASA Case Studies 200
7.1.14.1 MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation 201
MSC Case Analysis 201
7.1.14.2 Pressure Systems Incorporated 202
PSI Case Analysis 203
7.1.14.3 Tecnico 203
Tecnico Case Analysis 204
7.1.15 New Mexico Federal Laboratories Originating Case Studies 205
7.1.15.1 Amtech Corporation 205
Amtech Case Analysis 206
7.1.15.2 Permacharge Corporation 206
PC Case Analysis 207
7.1.15.3 Radiant Technologies Incorporated 207
Radiant Technologies Case Analysis 208
7.1.15.4 Yamada Science & Art Corporation
Yamada Science and Art Corporation Case Analysis 210
General Findings from Case Studies 210
7.2 Conclusions and Recommendations 211
References 214
Literature 217
Greek 231
Websites 232