Technology and Innovation for Social Change (eBook)

Satyajit Majumdar is a Professor at the Center for Social Entrepreneurship in the School of Management and Labour Studies of Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai (India) and teaches entrepreneurship, growth and technology strategy, corporate social responsibility and service operations management.  He has published research papers and case studies in the areas of entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, small business, growth strategy and corporate social responsibility. He also reviews research papers for international journals and evaluates research scholars for awarding doctoral degrees. Prof. Majumdar advises organizations and young entrepreneurs, and mentors entrepreneurs and start-up organizations. He is member of expert panel of United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva, Switzerland on ‘pro-poor investment’ related educational initiatives in higher education of the developing and developed countries, member of Academic Councils, Board of Studies of universities and Editorial Boards of scholarly journals, and member of advisory boards of educational, research and business organizations.Samapti Guha is an Associate Professor at the Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, School of Management and Labour Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences. She teaches macro economics, social entrepreneurship, microfinance, Marxian economics, development economics and micro economics. She has many research articles in national and international journals and also in books. She received NET-JRF from University Grants Commission to pursue her Doctoral Study. She has obtained a PhD degree in Economics from Jadavpur University, West Bengal. Dr. Guha was Sir Ratan Tata Fellow at the Asia Research Centre in London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK in 2006-07. She has presented research papers in several national and international Conferences. She is mentoring Microfinance Institutions, Social entrepreneurs and Non-Profits. She is in the Editorial Board of many journals. She is one of the advisers to the Regional Government of Siberia, Russia.Nadiya Marakkath is an Assistant Professor at the Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, School of Management and Labour Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai. Prior to her affiliation at TISS, she was pursuing her doctoral studies in Finance, under the UGC (University Grants Commission) Research Fellowship. Her doctoral research experience was at the National Institute of Technology, Calicut and the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India. She was also subsequently the recipient of the ICSSR (Indian Council of Social Science Research) and FMSH( Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme) Research Fellowship for Indo-France Cultural Exchange Programme in the year 2013, for carrying out a cross-country comparison of crowd funding models. Her current teaching and research efforts span across Social Finance Models and Sustainability Challenges for Social Ventures. Apart from this academic interest, she is involved in the incubation and funding initiatives of social ventures.

Foreword 6
Abbreviations 8
Contents 12
Contributors 14
About the Editors 16
Chapter 1: Technology and Innovation for Social Change: An Introduction 18
Part I: Concepts and Critical Analysis 21
Chapter 2: Social Innovation: Towards a Conceptualisation 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Social Innovation in Different Streams of Literature 23
2.2.1 The Sociological Perspective 24
2.2.2 The Creativity Research Perspective 26
2.2.3 The Entrepreneurship Perspective 27
2.2.4 The Welfare Economics Perspective 29
2.2.5 The Practice-Led Perspective: Reports and Other Non-Peer-Reviewed Contributions 30
2.2.6 The Community Psychology Perspective 34
2.2.7 Territorial Development Perspective 35
2.3 Uses of the Term 40
2.3.1 Social Innovation as Social Change 41
2.3.2 Social Innovation as Intangible Innovations 41
2.3.3 Social Innovation as Innovations That Aim at Social Value Creation 42
2.4 Proposing a Conceptual Model of Social Innovations that Aim at Social Value Creation 42
2.4.1 The Dimension of Formalisation 42
2.4.2 The Dimension of Change Processes 44
2.4.3 The Dimension of Social Outcomes 45
Conclusion and Future Research 46
References 47
Chapter 3: Relevance of Social Enterprises for Micro-entrepreneurial Growth: A Case-Based Discussion on Indian Microfinance Mo... 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Literature Review: Theoretical Underpinning for Microfinance Classification 54
3.3 Methodology 55
3.4 Case Study I: Semi-formal Microfinance Institution 55
3.4.1 Genesis 56
3.4.2 Strategy of Selecting Microfinance Customers 57
3.4.3 Designing Microfinance Products and Welfare Services 57
3.4.4 Delivery Process of Microfinance Products to the Customers 58
3.4.5 Role of Annapurna in Entrepreneurial Growth of the Micro-enterprises: The Crucial Role Played by Non-financial Welfare S... 59
3.4.6 Perceptions of the Member Micro-entrepreneurs 60
3.5 Case II: Formal Microfinance Institutions 60
3.5.1 Genesis 61
3.5.2 Strategies for Selecting Self-Help Groups 61
3.5.3 Delivery Models and Product Design for Self-Help Group Members 62
3.5.4 Promotional Role of NABARD 62
3.5.5 Perception of the Micro-entrepreneurs 63
3.6 Discussion and Recommendations 64
3.6.1 Model: Supply Driven vs. Demand Driven 65
3.6.2 Philosophy and Approach: Minimalist vs. Welfarist 66
3.6.3 Concepts: Financial Depth vs. Financial Breadth 66
Conclusions 67
References 67
Part II: Institutional Systems 69
Chapter 4: Development Strategy in the Northern State of Jalisco from the Institutional Perspective 70
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 Regionalization in Jalisco 71
4.3 Overview of the Northern Region of Jalisco 71
4.4 Importance of Institutions in Development 72
4.5 The Relationship of Institutions in the Development of the Northern Region of Jalisco 74
4.6 Economic Institutions 74
4.7 Political Institutions 75
4.8 Social Institutions 76
Conclusion 77
References 78
Chapter 5: Technological Utilization in Africa: How Do Institutions Matter? 79
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 Some Stylised Facts 81
5.3 Literature Review 83
5.4 Methods of Analysis 86
5.4.1 Econometric Model 86
5.4.2 Estimation Technique 88
5.5 Results and Discussions 89
Conclusion 93
References 94
Chapter 6: Creating Social Change Through Entrepreneurship Education: An Effectuation Model at Tata Institute of Social Scienc... 97
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Effectuation and TISS Model 99
6.2.1 Effectuation 99
6.3 Master of Arts in Social Entrepreneurship at TISS 100
6.4 The Program Design 102
6.4.1 Structure of Coursework 102
6.4.2 Fieldwork and Practice-Oriented Internship and Learning 106
6.5 Discussion 108
6.5.1 Innovations in Program Design and Delivery 108
6.5.1.1 Pedagogy 108
6.5.2 Student Selection 111
6.5.2.1 Support After Graduation 112
6.5.2.2 Social Entrepreneurship Teaching and Research at TISS 112
6.5.2.3 Promotional Activities 113
6.5.2.4 The Road Ahead 113
Appendices 114
Appendix 1 114
Case Study on `Harsha Dental Clinics: Rural Dental Clinic´ Dr Mohit Sukhija, BDS, MA in Social Entrepreneurship (TISS) 114
Appendix 2 116
Pilot Testing: Education Services 116
Appendix 3 117
Pilot Testing: Learning from the Field 117
References 118
Part III: Transformation 119
Chapter 7: Technology and Innovation for Creating Social Change: Concepts and Theories 120
7.1 Introduction 120
7.2 Building Theory 121
7.3 Theoretical Underpinning 122
7.3.1 Social Cognitive Theory 122
7.3.2 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 122
7.4 Social Change 122
7.5 Innovation and Technology 123
7.6 Conceptual Framework 124
7.7 Type 1: New Technology to Innovate Process 126
7.8 Type 2: New Technology to Innovate Products 127
7.9 Type 3: Existing Technology to Innovate Process 128
7.10 Type 4: Existing Technology to Innovate Product 129
7.11 Type 5: New Technology and/or Innovative Usage of Existing Technology to Innovate Products and Processes 131
Conclusion 132
References 133
Websites 134
Chapter 8: Social Change Using Innovation and Technology 135
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 Literature Review 136
8.3 Approach for Creating Social Change 138
8.4 Case Studies 140
8.4.1 Sanitary Napkins Making Machine 140
8.4.1.1 Background 140
8.4.1.2 Strategy 141
8.4.1.3 Social Change 142
8.4.2 Sulabh Shauchalaya 142
8.4.2.1 Background 142
8.4.2.2 Strategy 143
8.4.2.3 Social Change 143
8.4.3 Solar Lighting 143
8.4.3.1 Background 144
8.4.3.2 Strategy 144
8.4.3.3 Social Change 145
8.4.4 Lijjat Papad 145
8.4.4.1 Background 145
8.4.4.2 Strategy 146
8.4.4.3 Social Change 147
8.5 Case Discussion 147
Conclusion 149
References 150
Chapter 9: Impact of Technology and Social Change on the Family in Nigeria 152
9.1 Introduction and Conceptual Framework 152
9.2 Statement of the Problem 153
9.3 Research Questions 154
9.4 Methodology 154
9.4.1 Research Design 154
9.4.2 The Population 154
9.4.3 Sample and Sampling Technique 154
9.4.4 Instrument 155
9.4.5 Method of Data Analysis 155
9.5 Theoretical Framework 155
9.6 Literature Review 156
9.7 Change in Family Structure 157
9.8 Changes in Family Networks 158
9.9 Government ICT Policy 158
9.10 Results of the Study 159
9.10.1 The Availability of ICT Facilities 159
9.10.2 Concept of Family and Its Functions 160
9.10.3 The Extent of Change in Interpersonal Family Relationship 161
9.10.4 Changes in Family Identity 163
9.11 Discussion 164
9.12 Recommendation 165
Conclusion 166
References 166
Part IV: Case Studies 168
Chapter 10: Bacillus thuringiensis Cotton in India: Debates Surrounding Agricultural Biotechnology 169
10.1 Bt cotton in India: Debates Surrounding Agricultural Biotechnology 169
10.2 Civil Society Organizations in India 170
10.3 Conflicting Interests and Ideologies 171
10.3.1 Navdanya, New Delhi 171
10.3.2 Gene Campaign, New Delhi 172
10.4 Introduction of Bt Cotton in India 173
10.4.1 The Case of Monsanto and Mahyco 174
10.4.2 Reduction in Pest Attacks and Low Input Costs 177
10.4.3 Resistant Pests and Refugia 178
10.4.4 Farming Community and Debates on Agricultural Biotechnology in India 178
10.4.5 Public Policy and Bt Cotton in India 179
Conclusion 180
References 181
Chapter 11: Revival of Crafts and Social Change: Case Study on Dholka 183
11.1 Introduction 183
11.1.1 Craft Revival: Need and Importance 184
11.1.2 Policies of Government of India for Revival of Crafts 186
11.2 Woodturning and Lacquer Craft of Dholka in Gujarat 187
11.2.1 Dholka Cluster 187
11.2.2 The Craft 187
11.2.3 Craft Revival and Need for Innovation 188
11.2.4 Social Change 188
11.2.4.1 Knowledge Systems 189
11.2.4.2 Machines 189
11.2.5 Innovation by the Community 189
11.2.5.1 Power Lathe 189
11.2.5.2 Other Machines 190
11.3 Changes and Small Innovations in Traditional Knowledge Systems 190
11.3.1 Better Efficiency and Increased Production 190
11.3.2 Explorations 191
11.3.3 Easy to Operate 192
11.3.4 Better Opportunities and Standards of Living 192
11.4 Future Possibilities 192
Conclusion 193
Appendix 1 193
Craftspersons´ Local Vocabulary for the Hand Tools 193
Craftspersons´ Local Vocabulary for the Machines 194
References 194
Chapter 12: Technology and Social Change Among the Ho Adivasis (Tribals) of West Singhbhum, Jharkand, India 196
12.1 Introduction 196
12.2 Pre-colonial Culture: Entry of Contemporary Technology Among the Ho Rooted to a Backward or No Technology 197
12.3 Advent of Superior Technology During Colonial Rule 199
12.4 The Change in Social and Moral Structure 202
Conclusions 204
References 205
About the Contributors 206
Glossary 210