New Frontiers of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials (eBook)

The development of nanomaterials opens the possibility for new materials with outstanding properties compared to classical engineering materials. These materials can find applications in different fields such as medical treatment or structural mechanics.This monograph focuses on two major groups of nanomaterials, i.e.nanoparticels and nanocomposites.  Nanopartices, for example in the form of hollow particles, allow for new possibilities in drug delivery. Different aspects of nanoparticles ranging from manufacturing to modeling and simulation are covered.  Nanocomposite materials are formed by mixing two or more dissimilar materials at the nanoscale in order to control and develop new and improved structures and properties.  The properties of nanocomposites depend not only on the individual components used but also on the morphology and the interfacial characteristics. Nanocomposite coatings and materials are one of the most exciting and fastest growing areas of research and novel properties being continuously developed which are previously unknown in the constituent materials. Thus, the second part of this monograph gives an overview on the latest developments in the area of composites and coatings based on nanomaterials.

New Frontiers of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials 2
Preface 4
Contents 5
Part I Nanoparticles 7
42 Recent Progress in Fabrication of Hollow Nanostructures 8
Abstract 8
1…Introduction 8
2…Fabrication Routes to Hollow Nanostructures 9
2.1 Techniques Based on Chemical Routes 9
2.2 Kirkendall-Effect-Related Methods 16
2.2.1 Hollow Nanoparticles 16
2.2.2 Nanotubes 20
3…Structural Stability of Hollow Nanostructures at High Temperatures 23
3.1 Shrinkage of Hollow Oxides 25
3.2 Transition in Porous Structures of Iron Oxides 28
4…Summary 32
References 33
60 Computer Simulation of Diffusion and Reaction in Metallic Nanoparticles 36
Abstract 36
1…Introduction 36
2…Hollow Nanospheres 37
2.1 Formation of Hollow Nanospheres 38
2.2 Shrinkage of Hollow Nanoparticles 44
3…Bi-metallic Nanoparticles 50
3.1 Interdiffusion in Bimetallic Nanoparticles 51
3.1.1 Interdiffusion in a Ag--Ni Bi-metallic Nanoparticle 51
3.1.2 Interdiffusion in a Pd--Ni Bi-metallic Nanoparticle 53
4…Reaction Synthesis of Intermetallic Nanoparticles 56
4.1 Formation of NiAl Nanoparticles 57
5…Outlook 61
Acknowledgments 61
References 61
63 Controlled Synthesis of Gold Nanorods via Seeded Growth Approach 65
Abstract 65
1…Introduction 66
2…Experimental Details 67
3…Results and Discussion 67
4…Conclusion 74
Acknowledgments 75
References 75
65 Calculation of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering in Metal Nanoparticles 77
Abstract 77
1…IntroductionIntroduction 78
2…Materials and Methods 2 Materials and Methods 79
2.1 Materials 79
2.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 79
2.3 Immobilization of Silver Nanoparticles on Glass Substrates 79
2.4 Raman Spectroscopy 79
2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 80
2.6 Computational Methods 80
3…Results and Discussion3 Results and Discussion 80
4…Conclusions4 Conclusions 85
Acknowledgments 85
References 85
30 Inorganic--Organic Hybrid Nanoparticles for Medical Applications 88
Abstract 88
1…Introduction 88
2…Gold (Au) 90
2.1 Introduction 90
2.2 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles 90
2.2.1 Thiolate-Capped Gold Nanoparticles 91
2.2.2 Dendrimer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles 92
2.2.3 Immobilization Through Monolayer Films 92
2.2.4 Post-modification of Gold Nanoparticles 93
2.3 Gold Nanoparticles for Bioimaging 95
2.3.1 Interaction with Light and Surface Plasmon Resonance 95
2.3.2 Photothermal Imaging and Luminescence 95
2.3.3 Contrast Agent in X-ray Imaging 96
2.4 Local Heat Induced by Gold Nanoparticles 96
2.4.1 Hyperthermia 97
2.4.2 Heat-Induced Molecular Motion and Delivery 97
2.5 Gold Nanoparticles-Assisted Drug Delivery 98
2.5.1 Small Drugs Delivery 98
2.5.2 Gold Nanoparticles for Biomolecules Delivery 100
2.5.3 In Vivo Limitations and Targeting 102
2.6 Gold Nanoparticles-Based Biosensors 102
2.6.1 Nanoscale Surface Plasmon 103
2.6.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) 104
2.6.3 Fluorescence Quenching 105
2.6.4 Electrochemical Sensors 106
3…Iron Oxides (FeOx) 107
3.1 Introduction 107
3.2 Synthesis Methods for Magnetic Nanoparticles 108
3.2.1 Coprecipitation Methods 108
3.2.2 Microemulsion Method 109
3.2.3 High Thermal Decomposition 110
3.2.4 Synthesis Using Liquid Polyols 111
3.3 Surface Modification of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 111
3.4 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles 114
3.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents in MRI 114
3.4.2 Magnetic Hyperthermia 115
3.4.3 Magnetic Drug Targeting (MDT) 116
3.4.4 Stem Cell Tracking 116
3.4.5 In Vitro Separation and Purification of Targets 117
4…Quantum Dots (QDs) 117
4.1 Preparation of QDs 119
4.2 Coating the QDs 119
4.3 Surface Modification of QDs 120
4.3.1 Thiols 120
4.3.2 Phosphine and Phosphine Oxide 121
4.3.3 Histidine 121
4.3.4 Aliphatic Chains 122
4.4 Medical Applications of Surface Functionalized QDs 123
4.4.1 Bioassays Using QDs 123
4.4.2 Cell Labeling Using QDs 123
4.4.3 In Vivo Imaging Using QDs 124
5…Bimodal Core--Shell Nanoparticles 125
6…Future Developments 126
References 127
31 Transport Processes of Nanoparticles in Gases and Liquids 137
Abstract 137
1…Introduction 137
2…Interaction Potential between a Nanoparticle and a Molecule 139
3…Kinetic Theory of Rarefied Gas Nano-suspensions 141
3.1 Diffusion of Nanoparticles in Rarefied Gases 142
3.2 Temperature Dependence of Nanoparticle Diffusivity 145
3.3 Thermodiffusion 146
3.4 Effective Viscosity of Gas Nano-suspensions 150
4…Mechanisms of Nanoparticles Transport Processes in Gases and Liquids 153
4.1 Rarefied and Moderately Dense Gas Nanosuspensions 153
4.2 Brownian Particles 156
4.3 Liquids and Dense Gases 156
4.4 Nano-suspensions 157
5…Transport Coefficients for Nanosuspensions 160
5.1 Effective Viscosity of Nanofluids 161
5.2 Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids 164
6…Conclusions 166
Acknowledgments 167
References 167
Part II Nanocomposites 171
66 Nanocomposite Materials from Theory to Application 172
Abstract 172
1…Introduction and Definitions 173
2…Nanomaterials 175
2.1 Introduction 175
2.2 Metals 176
2.2.1 Photo Lithography 176
2.2.2 Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 177
2.3 Ceramics 179
2.4 Semiconductors 180
2.5 Carbon 181
2.6 Coatings and Thin Films 183
2.7 Mesoporous Materials 184
2.8 Nano Crystalline Alloys and Magnetic Materials 187
2.9 Quantum Dots 187
2.10 Nanostructured Biological Materials 189
3…Nanocomposites 190
3.1 Introduction 190
3.2 Ceramic Nanocomposites 193
3.3 Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Ceramic Nanocomposites 194
3.4 Preparation of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Ceramic Nanocomposites 194
3.5 Oxide-Based Ceramic Nanocomposites 195
3.6 Non Oxide-Based Ceramic Nanocomposites 196
4…Properties 197
4.1 Magnetic Properties 197
4.2 Electrical Properties 199
4.3 Thermal Properties 202
4.4 Optical Properties 203
4.5 Mechanical Properties 204
4.6 Superplasticity 205
4.7 Thermodynamics of Nanocrystalline Materials 206
5…Synthesis 207
5.1 Gas Phase Synthesis 207
5.2 Plasma Chemical Technique 207
5.3 Thermal Spraying 208
5.4 Precipitation from Colloidal Solution 208
5.5 Thermal Decomposition and Reduction 209
5.6 Milling and Mechanical Alloying 209
5.7 Self-Propagation High-Temperature Synthesis 213
5.8 Sol Gel Synthesis 213
5.8.1 Sol Gel Synthesis and Characterization of Al2O3--SiC Nanocomposite 215
5.8.2 Synthesis of Biodegradable Nanocomposite Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering 221
6…Applications 223
6.1 Introduction 223
6.2 Ceramic Nanocomposites for Load-Bearing Applications 224
6.3 Nanotechnology in Automotive Applications 224
6.4 Nanoclay-Polymer Composites for Structural Applications 224
6.5 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites for Structural Applications 225
6.6 Application of Ferrofluids with Magnetic Nanoparticles 226
6.7 Nanocomposite Coatings 226
6.8 Electrodeposited Nanostructures 227
6.9 Military Applications 227
6.10 Nanoelectronic 227
7…Environmental Implications 228
7.1 Introduction 228
7.2 Classifications and Sources of Pollutants 229
7.2.1 Air Pollutant 229
7.2.2 Water Pollutants 229
7.2.3 Land Pollutants 230
7.3 Health and Safety Issues 230
References 231
38 Mechanics of Cellulose Nanocrystals and their Polymer Composites 234
Abstract 234
1…Introduction 234
2…Mechanics of CNXLs 238
3…Mechanics of CNXL Composites 244
3.1 Tensile Properties 246
3.2 Nanoindentation Studies 248
3.3 Creep Properties 252
3.4 Thermo-Mechanical Characterization 253
4…Morphological Analysis 254
4.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals 254
4.2 CNXL Polymer Composites 256
4.2.1 Optical Microscopy 256
4.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 257
4.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 259
5…Summary 259
Acknowledgments 260
References 260
29 Shift of Lines in Phase Diagrams for Nanograined Materials 265
Abstract 265
1…Introduction 266
2…Investigation of Nanograined Doped ZnO Films 267
3…Solubility of Co in Zno 267
4…Solubility of Mn in ZnO 275
5…Multilayer Grain Boundary Segregation in ZnO as a Reason for Solubility Increase 278
6…Conclusions 281
Acknowledgments 281
References 282
64 Modeling Carbon Nanotube Electrical Properties in CNT/Polymer Composites 286
Abstract 286
1…Introduction 287
2…Results and Discussion 289
3…Conclusion 292
Acknowledgments 293
References 293
61 Simulation of Thermal and Electrical Transport in Nanotube and Nanowire Composites 295
Abstract 295
1…Introduction 296
2…Numerical Formulation 300
2.1 Thermal Transport 301
2.2 Electrical Transport 302
2.3 Solution Methodology 303
3…Conduction in Percolating Network 304
3.1 Network Transport in the Non-Contacting Limit 305
3.2 Conduction Exponents 306
3.3 Conduction in Heterogeneous Networks of Metal-Semiconducting Tubes 308
4…Conduction in Nanotube: Polymer Composites 309
4.1 Effect of Tube-Substrate Interfacial Resistance 310
4.2 Effect of Tube--Tube Conductance 312
4.3 Effect of Tube Density 313
4.4 Electrical Conductivity of CNT-Organic Composites 314
4.5 Comparison with Effective Medium Theory 315
5…Interfacial Thermal Transport Between Nanotubes 317
5.1 Heat Pulse Analysis Using Molecular Dynamics 319
5.2 Wavelet Analysis of Heat Pulse 327
6…Conclusions 329
Acknowledgments 330
References 330
62 Elastic Properties of Co/Cu Nanocomposite Nanowires 334
Abstract 334
1…Introduction 335
2…Computational Method 335
3…Results and Discussion 337
4…Summary and Conclusions 345
Acknowledgments 346
References 346
67 On the Continuum Mechanics Approach in Modeling Nanosized Structural Elements 348
Abstract 348
1…Introduction 349
2…Basic Equations in Classical Continuum Mechanics 350
2.1 Kinematical Equations 350
2.1.1 Deformation Gradient and Strain Tensors 351
2.1.2 Displacements, Displacement Gradient, Linearizations 352
2.2 Stress State 353
2.2.1 Cauchy’s Stress Vector and Tensor 354
2.2.2 Stress Vectors and Tensors After Piola-Kirchhoff 355
2.3 Balance Equations 356
2.3.1 General Global and Local Equations in the Case of Smooth Fields 356
2.3.2 Mechanical Balance Equations 358
Mass Balance 358
Balance of Momentum 358
Balance of Moment of Momentum 359
Balance of Energy 359
Balance of Entropy 360
2.4 Constitutive Modeling: Elastic Material 360
3…Additional Equations Taking into Account Surface Effects 361
3.1 Kinematical Equations 362
3.2 Stress state 362
3.3 Constitutive Equations 363
4…Applications 364
5…Outlook 365
References 365