Studying Vibrational Communication (eBook)

Foreword 6
Acknowledgments 10
Contents 11
Part IStudying Vibrational Communication:Ideas, Concepts and History 14
1 Fostering Research Progress in a Rapidly Growing Field 15
Abstract 15
1.1…Introduction 16
1.2…Synopsis 18
1.2.1 Studying Vibrational Communication---Ideas, Concepts, and History 19
1.2.2 The State of the Field: Concepts and Frontiers in Vibrational Communication 19
1.2.3 Practical Issues in Studying Vibrational Communication 20
1.2.4 Vibration Detection and Orientation 21
1.2.5 Biology and Evolution of Vibrational Communication in Some Well-Studied Taxa 21
1.3…What Is Left to Be Learned? 22
References 24
2 Stretching the Paradigm or Building a New? Development of a Cohesive Language for Vibrational Communication 25
Abstract 25
2.1…A Revolution in Progress? 25
2.1.1 Fact Gathering 26
2.1.2 Taking Control of the Terminology 27
2.1.2.1 Drumming 29
2.1.2.2 Tremulation 29
2.1.2.3 Stridulation 31
2.1.2.4 Tymbal Buckling 31
2.1.3 Schools of Thought, Publications, and a New Sub-discipline: Increasing Accessibility and Broadening the Scope of Study 32
2.1.4 A New Paradigm, or a Challenge of the Common Ground? 34
2.2…Conclusion 37
Acknowledgments 37
References 38
3 Sound or Vibration, an Old Question of Insect Communication 43
Abstract 43
3.1…Introduction 43
3.2…About 100 Years AgohellipErnst Mangold and Johannes Regen 44
3.3…About 50 Years Ago 50
3.4…Recent Investigations and Open Questions 53
References 56
4 Hildegard Strübing: A Pioneer in Vibrational Communication Research 59
Abstract 59
4.1…Laudation for Hildegard Strübing 59
4.2…Addendum 2013 61
References 62
Publications on Vibrational Communication by H. Strübing 62
5 Sound Production: The Crucial Factor for Mate Finding in Planthoppers (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) (Preliminary Communication) 64
Abstract 64
5.1…Translation of the Original Text 67
5.2…Taxonomic Note by the Editor (A.W.) 71
References 71
Original Publication (5.1) 71
Taxonomic Note by the Editor (5.2) 72
Part IIThe State of the Field: Concepts andFrontiers in Vibrational Communication 73
6 Interactions Between Airborne Sound and Substrate Vibration in Animal Communication 74
Abstract 74
6.1…Introduction 74
6.2…Examples of Bimodal Sound/Substrate Vibration Signals 76
6.2.1 Katydids 76
6.2.2 Mole Crickets 76
6.2.3 White-lipped frogs 77
6.2.4 African Elephants 77
6.3…A Comparison of the Airborne and Substrate-borne Acoustic Communication Channels 78
6.3.1 The Production of Airborne Sound and Substrate Vibrations 78
6.3.1.1 Schemes of Bimodal Acoustic Signal Production 78
6.3.1.2 Asymmetry in Bimodal Acoustic Signals 80
6.3.2 The Propagation of Airborne Sound and Substrate Vibrations 81
6.3.2.1 Propagation Characteristics of Each Modality 81
6.3.2.2 Induction of Substrate Vibrations by Airborne Sound 84
6.3.3 The Reception of Airborne Sound and Substrate Vibrations 86
6.3.3.1 Cross-Modal Sensitivity of Peripheral Sensors 87
6.3.3.2 Bimodal Integration in Higher Neural Structures 89
6.4…Implications for the Function and Evolution of Signaling Systems 89
6.4.1 The Evolution of Bimodal Acoustic Signals 90
6.4.2 Integration of Information Across Sensory Modalities 90
6.4.3 Backup Signals 92
6.4.4 Sensory Drive 93
6.4.5 Context-Dependent Shifts in Bimodal Signal Structure 93
6.4.6 Costs of Multimodal Signaling 94
6.5…Implications for the Study of Acoustic Communication 95
6.5.1 Recording 95
6.5.2 Playback 96
6.6…Some Final Thoughts 97
Acknowledgments 97
References 97
7 Vibrational Communication Networks: Eavesdropping and Biotic Noise 102
Abstract 102
7.1…Introduction 103
7.2…Vibrational Channel and Abiotic Environmental Noise 104
7.2.1 Rain 105
7.2.2 Wind 107
7.2.3 Anthropogenic Noise 109
7.3…Vibrational Communication Networks 109
7.3.1 Biotic Noise 111
7.3.2 Rivalry and Territoriality 116
7.3.3 Eavesdropping by Parasitoids and Predators 120
7.4…Concluding Remarks 125
References 126
8 Active Space and the Role of Amplitude in Plant-Borne Vibrational Communication 133
Abstract 133
8.1…Introduction 133
8.2…Signal Networks 134
8.2.1 Vibrational Signals 134
8.2.2 Signal Active Space 135
8.2.3 Active Space Networks 136
8.2.4 Performances and Limits 137
8.3…What Is the Role of Signal Intensity? 139
8.3.1 Directionality 140
8.3.2 Distance 142
8.4…Two Case Studies 144
8.4.1 The Leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus 144
8.4.2 The Planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus 147
8.5…Conclusions 148
References 150
9 Mutual Behavioral Adjustment in Vibrational Duetting 154
Abstract 154
9.1…Introduction 154
9.1.1 Vibrational Duetting in the Enchenopa Binotata Species Complex (Hemiptera: Membracidae) 155
9.1.2 Vibrational Duetting and Two-Way Avenues of Influence Between the Sexes 157
9.2…Methods 160
9.2.1 Methods: Review of Studies on Vibrational Duetting 160
9.2.2 Statistical Analysis 160
9.3…Results 161
9.3.1 Comparisons Between the Signals of Males and Females 161
9.3.2 Relationship Between Signal Length and the Number of Signal Components 163
9.3.3 Relationship Between Signal Length and Signal Frequency and Trait Variability 163
9.4…Discussion 166
Acknowledgments 169
A.1. Appendix 169
References 174
10 Communication Through Plants in a Narrow Frequency Window 177
Abstract 177
10.1…Introduction 178
10.2…Frequency of Signals Produced by Different Mechanisms 179
10.3…Plants and Insects 184
10.4…Neural Coding of Frequency 189
10.4.1 Morphology and Function of Sensory Organs and Vibratory Receptor Neurons 189
10.4.2 Morphology and Function of Vibratory Interneurons 193
10.5…Signal Frequency and Environmental Noise 194
References 197
Part IIIPractical Issues in Studying VibrationalCommunication 202
11 Physical Aspects of Vibrational Communication 203
Abstract 203
11.1…Introduction 203
11.2…Biologists and Physics 204
11.3…Plants as Transmission Channels for Vibration Signals 205
11.4…Vibration Signals in Soil 210
11.4.1 Theories and Data for Attenuation of Vibrational Signals in Soil 211
11.5…Which Waves Do the Investigators and the Animals Detect? 214
Acknowledgments 216
References 216
12 The Role of Wave and Substrate Heterogeneity in Vibratory Communication: Practical Issues in Studying the Effect of Vibratory Environments in Communication 218
Abstract 218
12.1…Introduction 219
12.2…Variation in the Form of Information Transmission (Wave Heterogeneity) 221
12.3…Properties of Different Substrates and Within-Substrate Variation 224
12.4…Diversity of Signaling Environments 227
12.5…Practical Issues and Experimental Methods for Studying Vibratory Communication 229
12.5.1 Distance from Sender to Receiver 230
12.5.2 Methods for Measuring Information Transmission in Vibratory Environments 231
12.5.2.1 Actuators 231
12.5.2.2 Measurement Methods 233
12.6…Behavioral Experiments: The Artificial Versus Natural Substrate Conundrum 234
12.6.1 Artificial Substrates 235
12.7…Summary and Conclusions 241
References 242
13 Vibrational Playback Experiments: Challenges and Solutions 251
Abstract 251
13.1…Introduction 252
13.2…Frequency Profile of the Played-Back Signal 253
13.2.1 The Problem 253
13.2.1.1 Mismatch Between Recording and Playback Devices 253
13.2.1.2 The Substrate Filters the Played-Back Signal 255
13.2.1.3 Resonance in the Playback Setup or the Substrate 256
13.2.1.4 The Playback Device is not Adequately Coupled to the Substrate 256
13.2.2 The Solution 258
13.3…Temporal Characteristics of the Played-Back Signal 261
13.3.1 The Problem 261
13.3.2 The Solution 262
13.4…Amplitude Calibration 262
13.4.1 The Problem 262
13.4.2 The Solution 263
13.5…Substrate Effects on Receiver Behavior 264
13.5.1 The Problem 264
13.5.2 The Solution 264
13.6…The Substrate Vibrates Along More Than One Axis 265
13.6.1 The Problem 265
13.6.2 The Solution 265
13.7…Conducting Vibrational Playback Experiments in the Field 267
13.7.1 The Problem 267
13.7.2 The Solution 267
13.8…Should Experimental Designs Use Multiple Exemplars of Substrates? 268
13.8.1 The Problem 268
13.8.2 The Solution 269
13.9…Mobile Playback Subjects 269
13.9.1 The Problem 269
13.9.2 The Solution 269
13.10…A Decision Tree for Conducting Vibrational Playbacks 271
Acknowledgments 272
A.1. Appendix 272
A.1.1 Digital Equalization Filter 272
A.1.2 Differentiation and Integration of Playback Signal 273
References 274
Part IVVibration Detection and Orientation 277
14 Functional Morphology and Evolutionary Diversity of Vibration Receptors in Insects 278
Abstract 278
14.1…Anatomical Diversity of Sensilla 278
14.1.1 Campaniform Sensilla 280
14.1.2 Hair Sensilla 280
14.1.3 Multipolar Sensilla 281
14.1.4 Scolopidial Sensilla 281
14.2…Scolopidial Organs 282
14.2.1 Development 282
14.2.2 Mechanotransduction 284
14.2.3 Functional Morphology and Physiology 286
14.2.3.1 Femoral Chordotonal Organ 286
14.2.3.2 Scolopidial Organs in the Proximal Tibia 287
14.2.3.3 Tarsal Chordotonal Organs 294
14.2.3.4 Prosternal Chordotonal Organ 294
14.2.4 Neural Networks and Neuroethology 295
14.2.5 Evolution 297
References 298
15 Echolocation in Whirligig Beetles Using Surface Waves: An Unsubstantiated Conjecture 304
Abstract 304
15.1…Introduction 305
15.2…Methods 307
15.2.1 Beetles 307
15.2.2 Experimental Setup 307
15.2.3 Excluding Visual Perception of the Cylinders 308
15.2.4 Contact and Loop Analyses 309
15.2.5 Meniscus Profiled Around Cylinders 309
15.3…Results 310
15.3.1 Contacts with the Cylinder 310
15.3.2 Loops in Trajectories 312
15.4…Discussion 315
References 317
16 Sand-Borne Vibrations in Prey Detection and Orientation of Antlions 319
Abstract 319
16.1…Introduction 319
16.2…Substrate Vibrations and Topography of the Receptors 320
16.3…Vibrations Produced by the Prey 322
16.3.1 How are Vibrations Transmitted from Prey to Predator? 323
16.3.2 Over What Range Can the Antlion Detect Its Prey? 324
16.4…Vibrations Produced by the Antlion 324
16.5…Prey Localization 326
16.5.1 Does the Antlion Detect the Direction from Which the Stimulus is Coming? 326
16.6…Vibrations and Associative Learning in the Antlion 327
Acknowledgments 328
References 328
Part VBiology and Evolutionof Vibrational Communicationin Some Well-Studied Taxa 331
17 Mechanical Signals in Honeybee Communication 332
Abstract 332
17.1…Communication by Touch and Vibrations 332
17.2…The Dance Language 335
17.3…Revision of a Hypothesis 338
Acknowledgments 344
References 345
18 Vibratory Communication in Stingless Bees (Meliponini): The Challenge of Interpreting the Signals 347
Abstract 347
18.1…Introduction 348
18.2…Message of Thoracic Vibrations of Stingless Bee Foragers 350
18.3…Meaning of Thoracic Vibrations of Stingless Bee Foragers 354
18.4…The Generation of Thoracic Vibrations 356
18.5…Transmission Pathways of Vibratory Signals 356
18.5.1 Substrate Vibrations: Medium-Range Transmission 359
18.5.2 Airborne Sound: Short-Range Transmission 361
18.5.3 Direct Transmission During Physical Contacts 363
18.6…Conclusions and Outlook 365
Acknowledgments 367
References 367
19 The Role of Frequency in Vibrational Communication of Orthoptera 373
Abstract 373
19.1…Introduction 373
19.2…Frequency Characteristics and Function of Signals Produced by Different Mechanisms 374
19.2.1 Vibratory Signals of Caelifera 374
19.2.2 Vibratory Signals of Ensifera 375
19.2.2.1 Stridulatory and Drumming Signals 375
19.2.2.2 Tremulatory Signals 376
19.3…Detection of Vibratory Signals of Different Carrier Frequencies 378
19.3.1 High-Frequency Receptors 378
19.3.2 Low-Frequency Receptors 380
19.4…Central Frequency Processing and Corresponding Behaviour 381
19.4.1 Properties of Vibratory Interneurons 381
19.4.2 Behavioural Correlates 385
Acknowledgements 388
References 388
20 The Tymbal: Evolution of a Complex Vibration-Producing Organ in the Tymbalia (Hemiptera excl. Sternorrhyncha) 392
Abstract 392
20.1…What is a Tymbal? 392
20.2…Discovery of the Tymbal Mechanism in Cicadas (Cicadoidea) 395
20.3…Discovery of the Tymbal Organ in Plant- and Leafhoppers (Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha excl. Cicadoidea) 402
20.4…Homology of the Tymbal-Like Organs in the ‘‘Auchenorrhyncha’’ 408
20.5…Discovery of a Tymbal-Like Organ in True Bugs (Heteroptera) and Moss Bugs (Coleorrhyncha) 409
20.6…The Tymbal Organ as Autapomorphy of the Taxon Tymbalia or the Tymbal Bugs (Hemiptera excl. Sternorrhyncha) 416
20.7…Again: What is a Tymbalian Tymbal Organ? 418
20.8…Some Thoughts on the Evolution of the Tymbalian Tymbal Organ 418
Acknowledgments 421
Sec9 422
A.0. 422
References 432
AlphabeticalTaxaIndex 442
SystematicFamilyandSpeciesIndex 451