Lazare and Sadi Carnot (eBook)

Biographical Sketch of Lazare Carnot.- The Science Of Machines: Summary of Essai sur les machines en général.- Geometric motions.- Moment–of –Momentum.- Moment–of–Activity–The concept of work.- Practical conclusions.- The Development Of Carnot's Mechanics: Argument of the 1778 Memoir on theory of machines.- Argument of the 1780 Memoir.- Argument of the Principes fondamentaux de l'équilibre et du mouvement (1803).- Comparing the work of Sadi Carnot.- The Carnot Approach And The Mechanics Of Work And Power, 1803-1829: Early engineering mechanics.- Applied mechanics.- The concept of work.- An Engineering Justification Of Algebra And The Calculus.- Geometric analysis and the problem of negative quantity Quantity.- The compensation of error in infinitesimal analysis.- Analysis and synthesis.- History And Historiography Sadi Carnot’s Thermodynamics: A historical excursus.- On the science of Sadi Carnot’s time: the mechanics.- On the science of Sadi Carnot’s time: the theory of heat.- Toward physical mathematical theories.- A Historiographycal excursus.- On Sadi Carnot’s historiography.- On the methodology used to investigate Sadi Carnot’s science.- On specificity and scientificity in historical discourse.- On interpretation in historical discourse.- On categories in history of science.- Biographical sketch of Sadi Carnot.- Notes on the philological aspects of Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu.- On Sadi Carnot’s studies at École Polytechnique.- An index ad hoc of Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu.- On Principles In Sadi Carnot’s Thermodynamics: An outline of the problem of history and logics.- On the mathematics.- On the physics.- On the physics mathematics.- On logics and structure.- Sadi Carnot’s theory and its logical organization.- On DNSs and logical investigation.- The distribution of DNSs in Sadi Carnot’s book.- The possible theoretical roles played by a DNS.- Sadi Carnot’s arguments through his DNSs.- Reconstruction of arguments and some cycles of reasoning expressed by DNSs.- Sadi Carnot’s thermodynamics as PO theory.- Its non–classical logic and its central problem.- On Sadi Carnot’s theory: a case–study.- Which and how many principles did Sadi Carnot express in his Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu?.- DNSs and mathematics in Sadi Carnot’s theory.- Final remarks.- What Are The Scientific Roots Of Sadi Carnot’s Cycle?: An outline of the problem.- A comparative analysis: Volta’s battery and Sadi Carnot’s heat machine.- An analogy between heat fluid and electric fluid.- An analogy between the cycle of electric fluid and the cycle on heat states.- An analogy between heat work and electrical work.- On the analogy between thermodynamics and electrostatics according to Mach’s investigations.- Other kind of analogies.- On the birth of electricity and thermodynamic theories.- On the caloric and entropy.- Final remarks.- Historical Epistemology Of Thermodynamics.- The Mathematics In Sadi Carnot’s Theory: An outline of the problem.- A book of physics without mathematics?.- The calculations and historical interpretation of the mathematical footnote.- The «suppression» of adiabatic curves in Sadi Carnot’s cycle.- Why Sadi Carnot «supprime» the adiabatic curves?.- A possible solution.- Lazare’s synthetic method.- The synthetic method in Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu.- The mathematical character of the footnote.- How did Sadi Carnot use his adiabatic equation? A possible calculation.- A reflection on modern calculation of efficiency.- Final Remarks.- Studies And Heritage of Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu: An outline of the problem.- La théorie analytique de la chaleur.- Reflections on Fourier and Lamé .- On Fourier’s Théorie analytique de la chaleur (1822).- On Lamé’s Leçons sur la théorie analytique de la chaleur (1861).- Final remarks on Fourier and Lamé’s theories.- Theoretical advancements on caloric theory in Sadi Carnot’s work.- On dynamical effects of heat by Ferdnand Reech (1853).- On cycles and equivalent mechanic of heat.- On a comparative analyses between Paul de Saint–Robert’s Principes de Thermodynamique (1865) and Sadi Carnot’s Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (1824).- Notes on Paul de Saint–Robert.- Historical analysis of Principes de Thermodynamique (1865).- Final Remarks On The Scientific Relationship between Père et Fils: An outline of the problem.- A hypothesis on structure of scientific  parentage.- On the lost Newtonian paradigm.- On the constraints and production of work.- On the machines en général  and its working substance of machines.- On the analogy between hydraulic and heat machines.- On the efficiency of a machine.- On the impossibility of perpetual motion.- On the synthetic method.- On the principle of virtual work.- On the principle of virtual work and the interactions.- On the principle of virtual work and the state equations.- Scholars, formulas, experiments and sources cited by Sadi Carnot in his Works.- On the equivalence of work–heat.- On the cycle and reversibility of a machine.- Final remarks a mò of conclusions.- Appendix to Chapter VII.-  References.- Index.