Bioenergy from Wood (eBook)

1. Bioenergy from wood in the tropics1.1 Woody biomass – an antiquated or a modern source of energy?1.2 The key concept of sustainable production of bioenergy1.3 Managing the value chains1.4 The scope and structure of this book1.5 References2. Localisation of biomass potentials2.1 Introduction2.2 Terrestrial inventory methods2.3 Remote sensing methods using LiDAR or photogrammetry to estimate tree or stand parameters2.4 Remote sensing methods estimating bulk biomass 2.5 Case study of integrated approaches and data fusion2.6 Conclusions 2.7 References3. Modelling and simulation of tree biomass3.1 Introduction3.2 Upscaling from biomass samples to tree biomass3.3 Upscaling from the tree to the stand level3.4 Model evaluation and model error3.5 Simulation of biomass in growth models3.6 Conclusions3.7 References4. Managing Southern African woodlands for biomass production: The potential challenges and opportunities4.1 Introduction4.2 Vegetation types of Southern Africa4.3Woodland utilization and associated impacts4.4 Productivity potential in the different biomes with case study data from the sub-region  4.5 Management practices for improved productivity in extensively managed woodlands in southern African4.6 Institutional frameworks and policy directions for managing extensively managed woodlands in southern Africa4.7 Conclusions4.8 References5. Biomass production in intensively managed forests5.1 Introduction 5.2 Matching highly productive tree taxa with specific site types and bio-energy production systems.5.3 Selecting the optimum combination of stand density, harvesting system and rotation length.5.4 Optimising growth conditions at time of establishment through harvest residue (slash) management and soil tillage. 5.5 Intensive cultural management to maximise growth resource utilization5.6 Interactions among intensive silvicultural operations5.7 Intensified silviculture, fertilization and the carbon footprint5.8 Harvesting larger percentages of biomass from the stand than conventional practices. 5.9 References 6. Biomass Harvesting and logistics   6.1 Introduction6.2 Biomass felling and extraction harvesting equipment6.3 Collection and extraction equipment and machinery6.4 Chipping equipment and machinery6.5 Biomass sources and harvesting systems6.6 Activities at roadside landing, terminal or plant6.7 Secondary transport of biomass6.8 Managing biomass trade and supply6.9 Managing feedstock supply and supply cost curves6.10 Conclusion6.11 References 7. Biomass conversion to bioenergy products     7.1 Introduction7.2 Types of bioenergy products7.3 Thermochemical conversion technologies7.4 Biochemical Conversion Technologies7.5 Integration of different conversion technologies 7.6 Technology maturity and economic considerations for biomass conversion7.7 Conclusion7.8 References 8. Biomass Quality 8.1 Introduction8.2 Drying and Storage8.3 Particle Size8.4 Moisture Content8.5 Density8.6 Chemical Composition8.7 Elemental Composition8.8 Calorific Value8.9 Ash Content8.10 Volatile Content8.11 Biomass Requirements8.12 References9 Socio-economic aspects of rural bio-energy production  9.1 Introduction9.2 Use of and dependency on biomass for energy in developing countries9.3 Rural energy use and alternatives to fuelwood9.4 Progress up the energy ladder and implications for rural users of energy9.5 Costs and benefits of rural energy production9.6 Role of rural communities in bioenergy strategies9.7 Conclusion9.8 References10. Ecological impacts of biomass production at stand and landscape levels 10.1 Introduction10.2 Impacts at the landscape level10.3 Impacts at the site level10.4 References 11. Determination of the environmental implications of bio-energy production using a life-cycle assessment approach11.1 Introduction11.2 Life-Cycle Assessment11.3 Assessing lignocellulosic bioenergy systems using LCA – a case study11.4 Conclusions11.5 References