The American Institute of Architects (AIA) Since 1857, the AIA has represented the professional interests of America's architects. As AIA members, over 80,000 licensed architects, emerging professionals, and allied partners express their commitment to excellence in design and livability in our nation's buildings and communities. Members adhere to a code of ethics and professional conduct that assures the client, the public, and colleagues of an AIA-member architect's dedication to the highest standards in professional practice.

Cover 1
Title Page 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Foreword 9
Preface 11
Acknowledgments 13
About the 15th Edition of the Handbook 17
PART 1 THE PROFESSION 21
CHAPTER 1 Ethics and Professional Practice 22
1.1 The AIA Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct 22
INTRODUCTION TO THE CODE OF ETHICS AND ETHICAL PRACTICE 22
HISTORY OF THE AIA CODE OF ETHICS 23
STRUCTURE OF THE CODE 24
NATIONAL ETHICS COUNCIL 24
COMPLAINT PROCESS 26
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 29
COMMON COMPLAINTS 30
CONCLUSION 32
1.2 Ethics and Architectural Practice 33
FOUR WAYS TO THINK ABOUT ETHICS 33
CASE STUDY VIGNETTES 35
WHAT’S NEXT FOR ETHICS AND PRACTICE? 38
1.3 Design Beyond Ethics 39
INTRODUCTION: THE CHEF ARCHITECT 39
AESTHETICS 40
ETHICS AND MORALITY 40
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS 41
ETHICS OF AESTHETICS 42
ETHICS OF ARCHITECTURAL AESTHETICS 43
AESTHETIC ATTENTIVENESS 44
ART VS. SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE 45
CONCLUSION: THE CHEF ARCHITECT 45
CHAPTER 2 Diversity and Demographics 47
2.1 Diversity and Practice Management 47
THE BENEFITS OF DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION 47
THE DIVERSITY CHALLENGE 50
CONCLUSION 52
2.2 Demographics of Practice: 2012 AIA Firm Survey 56
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 56
STAFF AT ARCHITECTURE FIRMS 58
FORMATION OF FIRMS 60
THE PRACTICE 63
CONSTRUCTION SECTORS SERVED 66
CONCLUSION 70
CHAPTER 3 Career Development 72
3.1 Regulation of Professional Practice 72
THE BASIS FOR THE REGULATION OF THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE 72
HISTORY OF THE LICENSURE OF ARCHITECTS 73
ELEMENTS IN COMMON THROUGHOUT LICENSING LAWS 74
THE REGISTRATION BOARD 74
DEFINITION OF THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE 75
USE OF THE TITLE 76
USE OF THE STAMP OR SEAL 77
QUALIFICATIONS FOR LICENSURE 77
RENEWAL OF A LICENSE 78
RECIPROCITY 79
EXEMPTIONS 79
CORPORATE PRACTICE 80
COMPLAINTS 81
DISCIPLINE 81
BOARD RULES AS OPPOSED TO STATUTES 82
CONCLUSION 83
3.2 Intern Development 88
THE EXPERIENCE COMPONENT OF LICENSURE 88
MANY OPPORTUNITIES TO EARN EXPERIENCE 88
IDP REQUIREMENTS 91
PROFESSIONAL NETWORK OF RESOURCES 93
3.3 The Career Paths of an Architect 102
CAREER DESIGNING 103
CAREER PATHS 106
EMERGING CAREERS 110
CONCLUSION 112
3.4 AIA Continuing Education System 113
AIA/CES MISSION 113
CONTINUING EDUCATION OVERVIEW 114
CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE 114
HOW AIA/CES WORKS 114
PROVIDERS 117
AIA/CES EVOLUTION 118
LIFELONG LEARNING 118
3.5 Participating in Professional Organizations 119
HISTORY 120
TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS 120
GETTING INVOLVED 123
PARTIAL LIST OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SHAPING THE PROFESSION 125
3.6 Participating in Architectural Education 133
INTRODUCTION 133
INVOLVEMENT WITH AN ALMA MATER 134
LOCAL PARTICIPATION 134
NATIONAL PARTICIPATION 135
OTHER OPTIONS 136
CHAPTER 4 Public Interest Design 137
4.1 Socially Responsible Design Overview 137
THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF DESIGN 137
SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE DESIGN PRACTICES 142
ORGANIZATIONS FORWARDING SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE ARCHITECTURE 145
CONCLUSION 147
4.2 The Role of Architects in Disaster Response and Recovery 151
INTRODUCTION 151
BUILDING DAMAGE AND SAFETY ASSESSMENTS 153
THE AIA DISASTER ASSISTANCE PROGRAM AND COMPREHENSIVE RESPONSE SYSTEM 154
ARCHITECTS IN RESPONSE AND RECOVERY EFFORTS 156
DISASTER RESILIENCE AND BUILDING MITIGATION 158
CONCLUSION 162
4.3 Architects in the Nonprofit Sector 167
INTRODUCTION 167
PRO BONO WORK 168
CONCLUSION 172
4.4 Public Service and Community Involvement 176
THE ARCHITECT’S ROLE IN COMMUNITY AT LARGE 176
CIVIC AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: DESIGN 177
CIVIC AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: LAND USE POLICY, ZONING, AND BUILDING CODES 179
CIVIC AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 180
CIVIC AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: BROAD SUSTAINABILITY 181
LEADERSHIP, POLICY, AND POLITICAL OFFICE 182
CONCLUSION 183
PART 2 FIRM MANAGEMENT 187
CHAPTER 5 Organizational Development 188
5.1 Architects and the Law 188
LEGAL OVERVIEW 188
COMMON CLAIMS AGAINST ARCHITECTS 189
DEFENSES TO CLAIMS 195
CLAIMS AVOIDANCE 197
5.2 Entrepreneurial Practice: Starting an Architecture Firm 205
DESIGN FIRM BUSINESS MODELS 207
START-UP BUSINESS PLANNING 210
ENTREPRENEURIAL PRACTICE 216
CONCLUSION 218
5.3 Strategic Planning for the Design Firm 223
WHY BUSINESSES USE STRATEGIC PLANNING 223
ELEMENTS OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN 224
PREPARING FOR PLANNING 230
DEVELOPING THE PLAN 232
IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGIC PLAN 233
MAINTAINING A STRATEGIC PLANNING CULTURE 235
5.4 Firm Growth and Development: How to Build a Creative Culture 236
INTRODUCTION 236
THE BASICS 236
FIRM ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 240
THE MAKING OF A CREATIVE CULTURE AND A LEARNING COMMUNITY 244
CREATING A LEGACY 246
5.5 Leader Effectiveness 247
THE ARCHITECT AS LEADER 247
RECIPROCITY AND THE CITIZEN ARCHITECT 248
THE PROPENSITY FOR ENGAGEMENT 248
LEADER EFFECTIVENESS 248
COGNITIVE PROBLEM-SOLVING 250
THE LEADERSHIP CHALLENGE OF PERFORMANCE DEVELOPMENT: THE GUILD HALL 254
THE LEADER’S ROLE IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 255
TEAMS: WHEN AND HOW 256
DEVELOPING LEADERS: THE IMPERATIVE 256
5.6 Ownership Transitions 257
AN OVERVIEW OF OWNERSHIP TRANSITIONS 257
DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE INTERNAL TRANSITION 262
SELLING A FIRM 265
VALUING A FIRM 269
SUMMARY 271
5.7 Small-Firm Collaboration 272
POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF COLLABORATION 272
ELEMENTS OF SUCCESSFUL COLLABORATION 275
CHALLENGES FOR COLLABORATION 278
WHEN NOT TO COLLABORATE 281
CONCLUSION 281
5.8 Practicing in a Global Market 282
GLOBAL ECONOMY/GLOBAL PRACTICE 282
THE STRATEGIC DECISION TO ENTER GLOBAL PRACTICE 282
BUILDING A STRONG PRACTICE FRAMEWORK: GETTING STARTED 285
PROTOCOLS FOR A STRONG PRACTICE: OFFICE MANAGEMENT 289
SUSTAINING A STRONG PRACTICE: GETTING BUSINESS 291
RECOMMENDATIONS 293
CONCLUSION 294
5.9 Developing and Managing Multiple- Office Firms 295
INTRODUCTION 295
DISCUSSIONS ABOUT DEVELOPING A MULTI-OFFICE FIRM 296
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY 298
OPERATIONAL BUSINESS MODELS 300
MANAGING A MULTI-OFFICE FIRM 303
A WORD OF CAUTION 308
WORKING TOWARD SUCCESS 308
5.10 Office Administration 311
ELEMENTS OF OFFICE ADMINISTRATION 311
ADMINISTRATIVE ROLES AND FUNCTIONS 311
PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES 315
PROJECTS 321
CONCLUSION 325
5.11 Knowledge Management 328
INTRODUCTION 328
ABOUT KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 328
WHY KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT? 331
DEFINING KNOWLEDGE 333
IMPLEMENTING KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 336
CONCLUSION 340
5.12 Information Management and Services 341
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 341
INFORMATION SERVICES 347
CONCLUSION 350
CHAPTER 6 Marketing and Business Development 352
6.1 Marketing Architectural Services 352
INTRODUCTION 352
MARKETING ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES 353
THE PURCHASE DECISION 354
THE IMPORTANCE OF GOOD DECISION MAKING 354
HOW PASSION FITS IN 355
THE MARKETING TEAM 356
MARKETING SYSTEMS 357
THE REST OF THE CHAPTER 360
CONCLUSION 361
6.2 Developing Marketing Strategy 362
THE ESSENCE OF MARKETING AND STRATEGY 362
PITFALLS AND OPPORTUNITIES 362
CREATING AND LIVING STRATEGY 363
CONCLUSION 374
6.3 Public Relations and Communications 375
DEVELOPING A COMMUNICATIONS PLAN 376
WEBSITE CONTENT AND DESIGN 377
SOCIAL MEDIA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 379
SPEAKING TO CLIENT AUDIENCES 385
ADVERTISING 386
COMMUNICATING IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS 386
CONCLUSION 387
6.4 Networking and Business Development 390
INTRODUCTION 390
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE SALES PLAN 391
TRUST AND THE PURSUIT OF NETWORKING 394
MULTILEVEL MARKETING 395
TEAMING, ALLIANCES, AND PARTNERSHIPS 397
TECHNOLOGY AND NETWORKING 399
NETWORKING EVENTS 400
CONCLUSION 401
6.5 Qualifications, Proposals, and Interviews 401
THE GO/NO-GO POLICY 402
THE PROPOSAL PROCESS 402
QUALIFICATIONS: ORGANIZING STANDARD PROPOSAL ELEMENTS AND BOILERPLATE 408
THE SHORT-LIST INTERVIEW 409
CONCLUSION 415
CHAPTER 7 Financial Management 416
7.1 Navigating Economic Cycles 416
THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC CYCLES 416
UNDERSTANDING AND INTERPRETING ECONOMIC CYCLES 421
IMPLICATIONS OF CYCLES ON THE FUTURE OF PRACTICE 425
IMPACT ON ARCHITECTS 427
CONCLUSION 429
7.2 Financial Management Overview 429
INTRODUCTION 429
FINANCIAL PLANNING 431
PROJECT CONTRACT–RELATED FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ISSUES 435
CONCLUSION 436
7.3 Financial Management Systems 438
INTRODUCTION 438
CHART OF ACCOUNTS 439
ANNUAL BUDGET 441
PROFIT PLAN 441
RECORDING DIRECT AND INDIRECT TIME 441
FINANCIAL REPORTS 442
FREQUENCY OF DISTRIBUTION FOR FINANCIAL REPORTS 447
CONCLUSION 448
7.4 Developing Annual Budgets and Profit Planning 448
DEVELOPING ANNUAL BUDGETS 448
PROFIT PLANNING 458
CHAPTER 8 Human Resources 464
8.1 Human Resources Management Overview 464
THE FUNCTION OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE 464
THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 466
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN SMALLER FIRMS 475
BEST PRACTICES TO ATTRACT AND RETAIN TALENT 476
CONCLUSION 478
8.2 Compensation Strategy and Philosophy 481
FIRM STRATEGY, PHILOSOPHY, AND CULTURE 481
THE FUNCTION OF COMPENSATION IN AN ARCHITECTURE FIRM 484
TACTICS AND STRATEGIES 492
CONCLUSION 494
8.3 Recruiting and Hiring: Strategies and Methodology 495
RECRUITMENT: THE KEYSTONE OF THE DESIGN PRACTICE 495
DEVELOPING THE RECRUITMENT PLAN 496
MANAGING THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS 499
THE ONBOARDING PROCESS 502
THE BEST RECRUITMENT TOOL: TURNOVER REDUCTION 504
CONCLUSION 505
8.4 Professional Development and Mentoring 507
INTRODUCTION 508
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS 508
MENTORING 511
APPRAISALS AND EVALUATIONS 518
CONCLUSION 523
PART 3 PROJECT DELIVERY 527
CHAPTER 9 Design Project Delivery 528
9.1 Project Delivery Methods 528
INTRODUCTION 528
PLAYERS IN THE PROJECT DELIVERY PROCESS 530
KEY VARIABLES AFFECTING DELIVERY CHOICE 531
METHODS OF PROJECT DELIVERY 533
OTHER DELIVERY MODELS 536
CONCLUSION 537
9.2 The Architect’s Role in Construction Manager-Constructor Project Delivery 540
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT PROJECT DELIVERY 540
DESIGN-BID-BUILD VERSUS CMc 540
SELECTING THE CMc 542
DEFINING TEAM ROLES 544
DEVELOPING THE DESIGN 544
PROJECT SCHEDULE 546
CONSTRUCTION COST 547
CMc DURING CONSTRUCTION 549
CHOOSING CMc PROJECT DELIVERY 549
THE FUTURE OF CMc DELIVERY 550
9.3 Integrated Project Delivery Overview 550
IPD DEFINED 551
IPD PROJECT CRITERIA AND CONDITIONS 554
IPD CONTRACTS 555
THE IPD TEAM 556
BENEFITS OF PURSUING IPD 556
CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING IPD 557
HYBRID APPROACHES: IPD-ISH, IPD-LITE, AND CONTRACT-FREE IPD 559
CONCLUSION 560
9.4 Contractor-Led Design-Build 561
INTRODUCTION 561
THE DESIGN-BUILD PROCESS FRAMEWORK 563
MAKING THE MENTAL SHIFT TO DESIGN-BUILD 574
9.5 Architect-Led Design-Build 575
OVERVIEW 575
GETTING STARTED 579
BUSINESS-RELATED ISSUES 580
CONCLUSION 581
9.6 Architect Developer 583
ADVANTAGES OF COMBINING ARCHITECTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 583
DEVELOPERS NEED SPECIAL SKILLS AND EXPERTISE 585
APPROACHES TO COMBINING ARCHITECTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 586
TYPES OF PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT 587
MANAGING RISKS 590
ELEMENTS OF A REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 590
IMPLEMENTING THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 595
CHALLENGES OF COMBINING ARCHITECTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 595
FINAL THOUGHTS 596
9.7 Emerging Issues in Project Delivery 597
OVERVIEW 597
INNOVATIONS IN METHODOLOGY 598
INNOVATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY 600
SPECULATIONS ON THE FUTURE 602
CHAPTER 10 Design Project Management 604
10.1 Managing Architectural Projects 604
ORGANIZING THE PROJECT 606
FACILITATING THE PROJECT 609
THE IMPORTANCE OF GENERAL PROJECT DOCUMENTATION 614
EFFECT OF CLIENT EXPECTATIONS ON THE PROJECT 617
MORE THAN A SERIES OF TASKS 621
10.2 Project Teams 623
TYPES OF TEAMS: INTRODUCTION 623
SELECTING THE TEAM 626
OPTIMIZING THE TEAM 633
PROJECT TEAM MEETINGS 635
BENEFITS OF A GOOD TEAM 639
10.3 Project Budgets, Work Planning, and Monitoring 641
THE IMPORTANCE OF PROJECT WORK PLANNING 641
PROJECT BUDGETING 642
THE PROJECT WORK PLANNING PROCESS 647
SCHEDULING 652
MONITORING 654
CONCLUSION 660
10.4 Project Management with Building Information Modeling Processes 661
INTRODUCTION 661
PROJECT PROCUREMENT 661
PROJECT PLANNING AND START-UP 663
PROJECT PLANNING, DESIGN, AND DOCUMENTATION 670
CONCLUSION 674
10.5 Design Phases 674
DESIGN 674
DESIGN INFLUENCES 675
THE DESIGN PROCESS 677
THE CONTRACTUAL FRAMEWORK 681
CONCLUSION 684
10.6 Construction Drawings 688
INTRODUCTION 688
CHANGES IN PRACTICE 689
THE LEGACY OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS 690
THE IDEOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS 691
METHODOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS 693
PLANNING CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS 702
QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS 704
CONCLUSION 708
10.7 Construction Specifications 709
INTRODUCTION 709
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 709
PURPOSE OF WRITTEN CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 709
ORGANIZATION OF SPECIFICATIONS 710
MEANS AND METHODS OF SPECIFYING 712
LEVELS OF DETAIL IN SPECIFICATIONS 713
MASTER SPECIFICATIONS 714
COORDINATION OF DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS 716
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 717
IMPLEMENTING SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS AND PROCEDURES 718
THE IN-HOUSE SPECIFIER 719
ALTERNATIVES TO PREPARING SPECIFICATIONS IN-HOUSE 720
10.8 Bidding and Negotiation 721
DEFINITIONS 721
PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS 722
PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS 724
PRICE CATEGORIES 725
DESCRIBING PRICES 726
THE BIDDING PROCESS 727
QUALIFICATIONS OF PROSPECTIVE BIDDERS 728
DISTRIBUTION OF PROJECT INFORMATION 728
QUESTIONS DURING THE BID PERIOD 729
PREPARING AND SUBMITTING A BID 730
EVALUATING THE BIDS 731
CONCLUSION 732
10.9 Construction Phase Services 733
PROACTIVE CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION 733
PREPARING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE 734
ADMINISTRATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT 739
CONCLUSION 749
10.10 Project Completion and Post-Construction 749
INTRODUCTION 749
PROJECT COMPLETION 750
POST-CONSTRUCTION 755
CONCLUSION 756
CHAPTER 11 Technology in Practice 760
11.1 Technology in Practice Overview 760
INTRODUCTION 760
VALUES AND APPLICATIONS 765
CONCLUSION 771
11.2 Technology in Project Delivery Phases 774
INTRODUCTION 774
TECHNOLOGY IN TEAM FORMATION 774
TECHNOLOGY IN PRE-DESIGN AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 775
TECHNOLOGY IN SCHEMATIC DESIGN 777
TECHNOLOGY IN DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 778
TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS 779
TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION 780
CONSTRUCTION PROCUREMENT 780
OCCUPANCY AND OPERATION 782
CONCLUSION 783
11.3 Small Firms, Small Projects, and Building Information Modeling 784
INTRODUCTION 784
BENEFITS AND OPPORTUNITIES 784
BIM CHALLENGES 786
BIM WORK FLOW 790
COLLABORATION 793
TRANSITIONING TO BIM: BEST PRACTICES 795
CONCLUSION 798
11.4 Collaborative Technologies 800
ARCHITECTURE IN THE CLOUD 800
DESIGN AND INNOVATION 801
COLLABORATING WITH OWNERS 803
11.5 Technology Management 805
PERSPECTIVE FOR INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE 805
AREAS OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT 806
CONCLUSION 817
11.6 Emerging Technology in Practice 818
INTRODUCTION 818
PLANNING AND DESIGN 822
CONSTRUCTION 824
OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 825
COMMUNICATIONS AND CONNECTIVITY 825
CONCLUSION 828
CHAPTER 12 Quality Management 830
12.1 Origins and Development of Quality Management 830
INTRODUCTION 830
ESTABLISHING A QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 832
SETTING QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 835
STEPS FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT 836
OTHER QUALITY METRICS 838
CONCLUSION 838
12.2 Quality Management in Schematic Design 842
INTRODUCTION 842
PERSPECTIVE 842
STAFFING 843
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 844
PROGRAMMING 845
SCHEMATIC DESIGN 848
POST-DESIGN 851
CONCLUSION 852
12.3 Checklists 853
INTRODUCTION 853
THE AIA AND CHECKLISTS 853
SPECIALIZED CHECKLISTS 854
DEVELOPING CHECKLISTS 854
PROJECT MANAGEMENT CHECKLISTS BY PROJECT PHASE 856
THE COMMISSIONING PROCESS 861
CHECKLISTS FOR TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BUILDING DESIGN 862
CLOSEOUT CHECKLISTS 864
CONCLUSION 866
12.4 Quality Management in Construction Procurement, Contract Administration, and Post-Construction 867
QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROCUREMENT 867
QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION 869
QM IN POST-CONSTRUCTION 873
CONCLUSION 874
CHAPTER 13 Building Codes, Standards, and Regulations 877
13.1 Building Codes and Standards 877
HISTORY OF U.S. CODE DOCUMENTS 878
IBC AND IFC CODE FUNDAMENTALS 880
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STANDARDS AND CODES 884
CODE ENFORCEMENT 888
PARTICIPATION IN CODE DEVELOPMENT 889
13.2 Planning, Urban Design, and the Regulatory Environment 900
URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN 900
THE PLANNING TEAM AND PROCESS 902
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN PLANNING 906
THE PLANNING AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 910
THE MULTIPLE ROLES FOR ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN 914
CHAPTER 14 Research in Practice 919
14.1 Research in Practice Overview 919
INTRODUCTION 919
RESEARCH CATEGORIES 920
ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH METHODS 920
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE 921
RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE 922
TRENDS IN ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH 923
RESEARCH AND SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS 925
14.2 Research Methods 931
INTRODUCTION 931
RESEARCH: GATHERING EVIDENCE FOR ACTIONABLE DECISIONS 932
RESEARCH EXAMPLES 937
CONCLUSION 939
14.3 Research and Practice 940
ORIGINS OF DESIGN RESEARCH 940
BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF RESEARCH IN PRACTICE 941
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH IN PRACTICE 943
RESEARCHER PRACTITIONERS 947
FUNDING AND FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS 951
LINKING ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 951
FUTURE OF DESIGN RESEARCH 952
14.4 Evidence-Based Design 957
BACKGROUND 957
EVIDENCE-BASED DESIGN METHODS 959
APPLICATIONS FOR EVIDENCE-BASED DESIGN 963
EVIDENCE-BASED DESIGN ACCREDITATION AND CERTIFICATION 966
PART 4 CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS 971
CHAPTER 15 Project Definition 972
15.1 Defining Project Services 972
INTRODUCTION 972
TYPES AND CATEGORIES OF SERVICES 973
BASIC VS. ADDITIONAL SERVICES 975
STEPS FOR DEFINING SERVICES 976
RISK ASSESSMENT 979
THE PROFESSIONAL SERVICES AGREEMENT 979
CHANGES IN SERVICES 980
CONCLUSION 981
15.2 Services and Compensation 981
BASIS OF FEES: VALUE, EFFORT, AND RISK 981
TYPES OF SERVICES 984
METHODS OF COMPENSATION 985
SETTING FEES 987
CHARGING FOR SERVICES 991
GETTING PAID 993
CONCLUSION 995
15.3 Negotiating Agreement 995
NEGOTIATION CONCEPTS IN BRIEF 996
NEGOTIATION STRATEGIES 1000
CHAPTER 16 Risk Management 1009
16.1 Risk Management Strategies 1009
HOW DOES THE ARCHITECT MANAGE RISK? 1009
NO. 4: NEGOTIATION AND CONTRACTS 1010
NO. 3: SELECTING THE CLIENT 1017
NO. 2: PROJECT TEAM CAPABILITIES 1020
NO. 1: COMMUNICATION 1022
CONCLUSION 1025
16.2 Insurance Coverage for Business and Professional Liability 1027
RISKS FOR ARCHITECTS 1027
TERMINOLOGY: WHAT DOES ALL THIS MEAN? 1028
PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY INSURANCE 1030
CONCLUSION 1040
16.3 Risks and Emerging Practices 1041
INTRODUCTION 1041
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 1041
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING 1046
INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY (IPD) 1048
CONCLUSION 1049
16.4 Dispute Management and Resolution 1050
INTRODUCTION: PREVENT DISPUTES BEFORE THEY START 1050
THE AIA AND THE EVOLUTION OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION 1052
DISPUTE RESOLUTION METHODS: MEDIATION, ARBITRATION, AND LITIGATION 1053
CONCLUSION 1059
CHAPTER 17 Agreements and AIA Document Program 1060
17.1 Agreements with Owners 1060
PREREQUISITES FOR, AND BASIC TERMS OF, A LEGAL CONTRACT 1061
TYPES OF AGREEMENT 1064
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 1066
LEGAL AND RISK MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS 1071
COMPLETING AND MODIFYING THE STANDARD AIA AGREEMENT FORMS 1073
17.2 Project Team Agreements 1075
FORMING RELATIONSHIPS TO ACCOMPLISH PROJECT GOALS 1075
JOINT VENTURES 1080
TEAMING AGREEMENTS 1085
17.3 Owner-Generated Agreements 1090
INTRODUCTION 1090
1. EVALUATE THE OWNER’S AGREEMENT 1090
2. UNDERSTAND THE RISKS THAT CAN BE INSURED 1091
3. IDENTIFY THE RISKS THAT MAY NOT BE INSURABLE 1092
4. ANALYZE THE INDEMNITIES 1097
5. ASSESS THE BUSINESS RISKS 1098
6. CLARIFY INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS 1100
7. ADD WHAT THE OWNER LEFT OUT 1100
8. DEVELOP A NEGOTIATION STRATEGY 1102
17.4 Construction Contracts 1103
THE EFFECT OF THE PROJECT DELIVERY METHOD ON A CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT 1103
THE PARTS OF A CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT 1105
BASIS OF PAYMENT 1107
OTHER SPECIFIC PROVISIONS 1108
SUBCONTRACTS 1111
17.5 The AIA Documents Program 1113
AIA CONTRACT DOCUMENTS DEVELOPMENT 1113
KEEPING PACE WITH THE INDUSTRY 1116
AIA CONTRACT DOCUMENTS 2012 1120
LOOKING AHEAD 1126
Appendix A ALLIED PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1133
Appendix B GLOSSARY 1137
Appendix C: ARE 5.0 Mapping Documents 1160
Index 1179
About the Companion Website 1204
EULA 1205