Andrew Hoskins is Professor of Cultural Studies at the University of Nottingham. Ben O'Loughlin is Reader in International Relations at Royal Holloway, University of London.

Acknowledgements x

List of Tables and Figures xi

1 Introduction 1

1. Diffused War 3

2. The Two Phases of Mediatization 15

3. Conclusion 18

2 Images 20

1. Introduction: Do Images of War Show or Hide? 20

2. Photograph and Flux 23

3. Mediality 26

4. Emergence 30

5. Saddam Hussein's Execution 32

6. Conclusion 35

3 Compassion 37

1. Introduction: What is Compassion Fatigue? 37

2. Why News Values Keep Some Stories Off the Radar 39

3. Exploring Spectator-Sufferer Relations 44

4. How Do Media Enable or Restrict Compassion? 53

5. Conclusion 59

4 Witness 61

1. Introduction 61

2. Representation and the Truth of War 63

3. Witnessing 69

4. Conclusion 85

5 Genocide 86

1. Introduction 86

2. Premediation and the Holocaust 89

3. Media Templates 91

4. The Trnopolje Camp Images 94

5. Towards an Ethics of Images 97

6. Emergence 102

6 Memory 104

1. The Diffusion of Media and Memory 104

2. The Second Memory Boom 106

3. Media and Holocaust Memory 108

4. From Witness to Embodied Memories 112

5. The Third Memory Boom 116

7 Vectors 120

1. Vectors and Globalization 122

2. Controlling Vectors 126

3. Emergent Vectors 136

4. Conclusion 143

8 Radicalization 145

1. The Mediatization of Radicalization 147

2. Diffuse Relations Between Cause and Effect 150

3. Uncertainty for Policymakers and Journalists Enables 'Hypersecurity' to Emerge 155

4. Conclusion 160

9 Legitimacy 162

1. Introduction: Legitimacy, Representation, Discourse 162

2. The Power of Representations 164

3. Diffuse War Axes of Representation 169

4. Translation and Legitimacy 179

5. Conclusion 183

10 Methods 185

1. Identifying Effects amid Ubiquitous Media 186

2. How Do We Analyse Media Practices? 188

3. How Do We Analyse Discursive Linking? Nexus Analysis 189

4. Conclusion 191

Notes 193

References 198

Further Reading 217

Name Index 218

Subject Index 223

"By providing a thoroughgoing and meticulous study of one
particular kind of reporting from a number of perspectives, and by
incorporating a variety of disciplinary insights, the book is able
to revisit familiar topics while moving us further into the digital
age."

Radical Philosophy



"The most singular feature of Hoskins and O'Loughlin's'
achievement in their comprehensive sweep of scholarship in this
multi-disciplinary field of war and media is its critical
assessment of existing paradigms and theories, and the development
of new ones. The work represents an important and ground-breaking
milestone in the development of this relatively new specialism
about one of the oldest and most important spheres of human
experience."

Joseph Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Bowling Green State
University

"Whether we approach the field of contemporary war and
communications through preferred optics of 'control', 'chaos' or
perhaps 'complexity', this book challenges us all - and rightly so.
It invites us to take seriously how today's media ecology not only
mediates contemporary wars, but becomes insinuated inside the
course and conduct of warfare itself."

Simon Cottle, Cardiff University



"In today's new environment of an apparent never-ending war on
terror, governments put together their media strategy with as much
care as they construct their military one. This important book
helps us understand the fragile relationship between war and media
and examine it with a fresh and informed eye."

Phillip Knightley, author of The First Casualty, a
history of war correspondents and propaganda