Nanoclusters and Microparticles in Gases and Vapors (eBook)

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Boris M. Smirnov, Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.

Preface 5
List of figures 14
1 Introduction 15
I Properties of small particles and their behavior in gases 19
2 Nanoclusters and microparticles in gases 21
2.1 Gas with small particles as physical object 21
2.2 Small particles in the Earth atmosphere 22
2.3 Methods of removal of dust particles from gas 26
2.4 Artificial small particles in gas 28
2.5 Electric processes in earth atmosphere 32
2.6 Dusty plasma of solar system 35
2.7 Problems 38
3 Cluster properties and their modeling 40
3.1 Cluster structures 40
3.2 Phase transition in cluster 44
3.3 Analytical and computer modeling of clusters 50
3.4 The liquid drop model for clusters 52
3.5 Spectral properties of clusters 54
3.6 Problems 57
4 Dynamics of collisions in buffer gas involving clusters 63
4.1 Hard sphere model in atomic physics 63
4.2 Models of atom collisions with cluster or small particle 67
4.3 Analytic and computer methods in cluster physics 69
4.4 Problems 72
II Processes involving small particles in gases 79
5 Transport phenomena in gases involving small particles 81
5.1 Cluster motion in gas in force field 81
5.2 Mobility of charged clusters in gas in strong electric field 84
5.3 Diffusion of clusters in gas 86
5.4 Problems 89
6 Particle motion in gas flows 90
6.1 Relaxation of particle velocity in gas flow 90
6.2 Gas flow in tubes 92
6.3 Drift of particles in gas flows 98
6.4 Particle departure on periphery of gas flow 101
6.5 Problems 103
7 Processes in buffer gas on surface of small particles 106
7.1 Equilibrium of metal cluster with parent vapor in buffer gas 106
7.2 Character of cluster growth due to attachment of free atoms 111
7.3 Quenching of metastable atoms on cluster surface 114
7.4 Character of combustion of small particles 117
7.5 Kinetic and diffusion regime of particle combustion 122
7.6 Recombination of charged clusters in buffer gas 123
7.7 Problems 125
8 Charging of small particles in ionized gases 130
8.1 Particle charging in dense buffer ionized gas 130
8.2 Particle charging in dense gas discharge plasma 135
8.3 Double layer of gas discharge 139
8.4 Particle charging in rarefied ionized gas with free ions 141
8.5 Particle charging in rarefied ionized gas with trapped ions 145
8.6 Particle charging and screening in rarefied ionized gas 149
8.7 The charge distribution of particles in ionized gas 154
8.8 Charging of small clusters in ionized gas 156
8.9 Problems 158
9 Growth of clusters and small particles in buffer gas 164
9.1 Types of nucleation processes 164
9.2 Kinetic regime of cluster coagulation 166
9.3 Diffusion regime of cluster coagulation 170
9.4 Cluster coagulation in external field 172
9.5 Ostwald ripening 174
9.6 Method of molecular dynamics in nucleation processes 181
9.7 Problems 182
10 Structures formed in aggregation of solid particles 201
10.1 Fractal aggregates 201
10.2 Growth of fractal aggregates 208
10.3 Growth of particle structures in external electric fields 212
10.4 Growth of elongated particle structures in electric field 214
10.5 Aerogels 221
10.6 Problems 224
11 Conclusion 229
Appendix A Physical parameters 231
A.1 Fundamental physical constants 231
A.2 Melting and boiling points of elements 232
Appendix B Conversional factors 233
B.1 Conversional factors in formulas for atomic particles and small particles 233
Appendix C Transport coefficients of atomic particles in gases 239
Bibliography 243
Index 261