Xiaoniu Yang is presently an assistant director of the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He is also the director of the Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory of CAS. Having obtained his academic degrees from CIAC, he spent a few years in Germany and the Netherlands before taking up his present appointment at CIAC. Professor Yang has authored more than 80 scientific publications, filed more than 20 patents and received the National Science Foundation Award for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2009. He is also a committee member of the Applied Chemistry Division of the Chinese Chemical Society.

PREFACE

SOLUBILITY, MISCIBILITY, AND THE IMPACT ON SOLID-STATE MORPHOLOGY
Introduction
General Aspects
Solubility, Solvents, and Solution Formulations
Miscibility
Conclusions

NANOSCALE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION FOR SEMICONDUCTIVE POLYMER BLENDS
Introduction
The Importance of Morphology Control
The Classic Blend: MDMO-PPV/PCBM as a Model for an Amorphous Donor System
Intermezzo: Morphology Imaging with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Volume Characterization of the Photoactive Layer: Electron Tomography
Measuring Nanoscale Electrical Properties: Conductive AFM
Current Progress and Outlook

ENERGY LEVEL ALIGNMENT AT SEMICONDUCTIVE POLYMER INTERFACES: CORRELATING ELECTRONIC ENERGY LEVELS AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Introduction
General View of Electronic Structure of Organic Solids
Experimental Methods
Valence Electronic Structure of Organic Semiconductors: Small Molecules
Valence Electronic Structure of Polymers
Role of the Interface Dipole Layer: Its Impact on the Energy Level Alignment
Future Prospects

ENERGY AND CHARGE TRANSFER
Introduction
Energy Transfer
Charge Transfer in Polymer/Fullerene Composites

PERCOLATION THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION IN ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING MATERIALS
Introduction
Lattice Percolation
Continuum Percolation
Percolation Behavior When the Interparticle Conduction Is by Tunneling
The Structure of Composite Materials
The Observations and Interpretations of the s(x) Dependence in Composite Materials
Summary and Conclusions

PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES OF SEMICONDUCTING POLYMER COMPOSITE THIN FILMS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL APPLICATIONS
Introduction
Optimization of Bulk Heterojunction Composite Nanostructures
Fabrication of Sub-20 nm Scale Semiconducting Polymer Nanostructure
Conclusions

THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS BASED ON POLYTHIOPHENE/INSULATING POLYMER COMPOSITES WITH ENHANCED CHARGE TRANSPORT
Introduction
Fundamental Principle and Operating Mode of OTFTs
Strategies for Preparing High-Performance OTFTs Based on Semiconducting/Insulating Blends
Blend Films with Vertical Stratified Structure
Blend Films with Embedded P3HT Nanowires
Conclusions and Outlook

SEMICONDUCTING ORGANIC MOLECULE/POLYMER COMPOSITES FOR THIN-FILM TRANSISTORS
Introduction
Unipolar Films for OFETs
Polymer/Fullerene Ambipolar OFETs
Conclusions

ENHANCED ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYTHIOPHENE/INSULATING POLYMER COMPOSITE AND ITS MORPHOLOGICAL REQUIREMENT
Introduction
Phase Evolution and Morphology
Enhanced Conductivity of Conjugated Polymer/Insulating Polymer Composites at Low Doping Level: Interpenetrated
Three-Dimensional Interfaces
Conductivity of Semiconducting Polymer/Insulating Polymer Composites Doped by Molecular Dopant
Mechanisms for the Enhanced Conductivity/Mobility
Perspective

INTRINSICALLY CONDUCTING POLYMERS AND THEIR COMPOSITES FOR ANTICORROSION AND ANTISTATIC APPLICATIONS
ICPs and Their Composites for Anticorrosion Application
Antistatic Coating
Summary

CONJUGATED?INSULATING BLOCK COPOLYMERS: SYNTHESIS, MORPHOLOGY, AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES
Introduction
Oligo- and Polythiophene Rod?Coil Block Copolymers
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Block Copolymers
Polyfluorenes
Other Semiconducting Rod?Coil Systems
Conjugated?Insulating Rod?Rod Block Copolymers
Conclusions and Outlook

FULLERENE/CONJUGATED POLYMER COMPOSITE FOR THE STATE-OF-THE-ART POLYMER SOLAR CELLS
Introduction
Working Mechanism
Optimization of Fullerene/Polymer Solar Cells
Outlook

SEMICONDUCTING NANOCRYSTAL/CONJUGATED POLYMER COMPOSITES FOR APPLICATIONS IN HYBRID POLYMER SOLAR CELLS
Introduction
Composite Materials
Device Structure
State of the Art of Hybrid Solar Cells
Novel Approaches in Hybrid Solar Cell Development
Outlook and Perspectives

CONJUGATED POLYMER BLENDS: TOWARD ALL-POLYMER SOLAR CELLS
Introduction
Review of Polymer Photophysics and Device Operation
Material Considerations
Device Achievements to Date
Key Issues Affecting All-Polymer Solar Cells
Summary and Outlook

CONJUGATED POLYMER C 1. Solubility, Miscibility, and the Impact on Solid-State Morphology
2. Nanoscale Morphological Characterization for Semiconductive Polymer Blends
3. Energy Level Alignment at Semiconductive Polymer Interfaces: Correlating Electronic Energy Levels and Electrical Conductivity
4. Energy and Charge Transfer
5. Percolation Theory and Its Application in Electrically Conducting Materials
6. Processing Technologies of Semiconducting Polymer Composite Thin Films for Photovoltaic Cell Applications
7. Thin-Film Transistors Based on Polythiophene/Insulating Polymer Composites with Enhanced Charge Transport
8. Semiconducting Organic Molecule/Polymer Composites for Thin-Film Transistors
9. Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Polythiophene/Insulating Polymer Composite and Its Morphological Requirement
10. Intrinsically Conducting Polymers and Their Composites for Anticorrosion and Antistatic Applications
11. Conjugated?Insulating Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Morphology, and Electronic Properties
12. Fullerene/Conjugated Polymer Composite for the State-of-the-Art Polymer Solar Cells
13. Semiconducting Nanocrystal/Conjugated Polymer Composites for Applications in Hybrid Polymer Solar Cells
14. Conjugated Polymer Blends: Toward All-Polymer Solar Cells
15. Conjugated Polymer Composites and Copolymers for Light-Emitting Diodes and Laser
16. Semiconducting Polymer Composite Based Bipolar Transistors
17. Nanostructured Conducting Polymers for Sensor Development