RF Transceiver Design for MIMO Wireless Communications (eBook)

Title Page 2
Preface 5
Contents 7
Introduction 13
Multiantenna Wireless Communications 13
MIMO Wireless Transceivers 15
MIMO Techniques in Commercial Wireless Systems 16
Organization of the Book and Future Challenges 18
References 19
MIMO Wireless Communications 21
MIMO System 21
MIMO Channel 22
SISO Channel Model 22
MIMO Channel Modeling 23
MIMO Capacity 24
SISO Capacity 24
MIMO Capacity 25
MIMO Design Advantages 29
Space-Time Codes for Diversity 29
Spatial Multiplexing 31
Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff 33
MIMO Channel Models 34
Stanford University Interim Channel Models 35
References 37
Digital Modulation Techniques in MIMO Systems 39
Criteria to Design Digital Modulators 39
Spectral Efficiency 40
Power Efficiency 41
Implementation Complexity 42
Performance Study in Wireless Channel 42
Single-Carrier SISO Systems 44
Single-Carrier Modulation 44
MQAM 45
MPSK 51
Single-Carrier MIMO Systems 53
QAM-MIMO 54
MPSK-MIMO 55
Multicarrier SISO Modulation Systems 56
OFDM Modulation Systems 57
OFDM Implementation Using IFFT/FFT 59
Cyclic Prefix in OFDM Modulation 59
RF Impairment in OFDM Systems 60
MIMO OFDM Systems 64
References 65
Fundamental Concepts in Wireless Transceiver Design 67
Linear Systems and Transformations 67
Nonlinear Systems 68
One-dB Compression Point 69
Third-Order Intercept Point 70
Second-Order Intercept Point 72
Cross Modulation 72
AM/AM and AM/PM Distortion 73
Spectral Regrowth 74
Noise 75
Noise Factor of Cascaded Networks 76
Capacity Reduction due to Noise Factor of an RF Receiver 78
RF Systems Design Parameters 79
Path Loss 79
Link Budget 79
Receiver Sensitivity 79
Dynamic Range 80
ADC Selection 81
Phase Noise 82
Modulation Accuracy 83
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) 83
Effect of I/Q Imbalance on EVM 83
Effect of Phase Noise on EVM 84
Effect of Nonlinearity on EVM 85
Effect of Carrier Leakage on EVM 85
Total EVM 86
References 87
RF Power Amplifier and Linearization Techniques 89
Introduction 89
Transmitter Systems Parameters 90
Gain 90
Bandwidth 90
Noise Figure 90
Power Efficiency 90
P1dB 92
IP3 93
PAPR 94
Power Back-Off 94
ACPR 94
EVM 95
Memory Effect 98
RF Power Amplifiers 98
Linear PAs (Classes A, AB, B, C) 99
Switching-Mode PAs (Classes D, E, F) 110
Comparison of the Classes of Operation in RF PAs 120
Linearization of RF Power Amplifiers 120
Feedback Linearization 121
Feedforward Linearization 123
Digital Predistoration Linarization 125
Analog Predistortion Linearization 128
Comparison of Linearization Techniques 131
RF Transmitter Architectures 132
Polar Transmitter Architecture 132
LINC Transmitter Architecture 133
EER Transmitter Architecture 136
Delta-Sigma Transmitter Architecture 137
References 139
Transmitter Design for MIMO Wireless Communications 141
Complexity and Cost in MIMO Systems 141
Transmitters Architectures 142
Direct Conversion Transmitter 143
Superhetrodyne Transmitter 144
Brief Overview of MIMO Transmission Schemes 145
FDM Technique 145
TDM Technique 145
CDM Technique 145
MIMO Transceiver Architectures 146
Antenna Selection Architecture 146
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) Architecture 148
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) Architecture 148
Code-Division Multiplexing (CDM) Architecture 151
Distortion and Impairment Compensation in MIMO Transmitters 153
Antenna Crosstalk 154
Nonlinear RF Crosstalk 155
Effects of Nonlinear Crosstalk on DPD Extraction 156
Impairment and Distortion Compensation 157
References 160
Receiver Design for MIMO Wireless Communications 162
Receiver Architectures 162
Superheterodyne Receiver 162
Direct Conversion Receiver 163
Low IF Receiver 163
Image Rejection Receiver 164
Six-Port Receiver 165
Five-Port Receiver 167
Smart Antenna Receiver Architectures 168
MIMO Receiver Architectures 172
Superheterodyne MIMO Front-End 173
Direct Conversion MIMO Front-End 174
Six-Port MIMO Front-End 175
Capacity Reduction of MIMO System due to the Front-End 175
Radio Frequency Interference on MIMO Receive 177
MIMO Testbed Design 179
Testbed Architecture 179
Commercial MIMO Transceivers 184
UXA234 MIMO Transceiver from NXP-Philips 184
MAX2842 MIMO Transceiver from MAXIM 185
PM8800 MIMO Transceiver from PMC-Seirra 186
AD9356 MIMO Transceiver from Analog Devices 187
References 189
RF Impairments in OFDM Transceivers 192
OFDM Transceivers 192
Noise in OFDM Transceivers 193
Phase and Amplitude Noise 194
Analysis of Phase and Amplitude Noise Impacts in OFDM 196
Impacts of Phase and Amplitude Noise on OFDM Systems 200
Nonlinearity in OFDM Transceivers 205
Analysis of Nonlinear Circuit Impact in OFDM 207
Concurrent Analysis of Nonlinearity and Phase Noise in OFDM Transceivers 213
Theoretical Analysis 214
Performance Analysis 219
Fifth-Order Nonlinear Circuit and Phase Noise Modeling 223
OFDM Signal with Phase Noise Passing through Dynamic Nonlinear Circuits 229
Dynamic Nonlinear Circuits 229
Modeling and Analysis 230
References 235
RF Impairments in MIMO Transceivers 238
Phase Noise in MIMO Transceivers 238
Phase Noise Model 238
Impact of Phase Noise on MIMO Systems 241
Adaptive Modulation MIMO System 244
BER of Adaptive Modulation MIMO System with Phase Noise 247
DC Offset in MIMO Transceivers 250
DC Offset 251
BER OF MQAM Modulation under Impact of DC Offset 252
MIMO System Model 254
BER of Adaptive Modulation MIMO under the Impact of DC Offset 255
BER Upper Bound of Adaptive Modulation under the Impact of DC Offset 256
Throughput Analysis 258
I/Q Imbalance in MIMO Transceivers 265
I/Q Imbalance Model 265
MIMO System Model 266
Impact of I/Q Imbalance on BER of Adaptive Modulation MIMO 268
I/Q Imbalance Compensation in Adaptive Modulation MIMO Systems 269
BER Analysis 271
References 273
Single RF Front-End MIMO Transceivers 275
RF Front-End MIMO Using Antenna Selection 276
Single RF Front-End MIMO Using FDM 278
Single RF Front-End MIMO Using TDM 279
Input Signal 281
Switch Model 281
Time Sampling of Received Signals 282
Baseband Processing 284
Experimental Studies 285
Single RF Front-End MIMO Using CDM 289
Single RF Front-End MIMO Using a Parasitic Antenna 292
References 297
Index 299
bout the Authors 302