Netherlands Yearbook of International Law Volume 41, 2010 (eBook)

Aims and Scope 6
Contents 7
List of Abbreviations 9
General Information for Authors 12
Part I Articles:Necessity Across International Law 14
1 Necessity Across International Law: An Introduction 15
Abstract 15
References 22
2 Necessity and the Use of Force: A Special Regime 23
Abstract 23
2.1…Introduction 24
2.2…Historical Overview 25
2.3…Institutional Necessity and the Use of Force 28
2.3.1 Threat to the Peace/Breach of the Peace/Act of Aggression (Article 39, UN Charter) 28
2.3.2 Institutional Uses of Force (Article 42, UN Charter) 29
2.3.3 Self-Defence (Article 51, UN Charter) 30
2.4…Customary-Cum-Institutional Uses of Force 31
2.4.1 Pre-Emptive Self-Defence 31
2.4.2 Preventive Self-Defence 32
2.4.3 Protection of Nationals Abroad 34
2.4.4 Use of Force for Humanitarian Purposes 35
2.5…Customary Uses of Force 37
2.5.1 Forcible Reprisals 37
2.6…Use of Force: A Special Regime 39
2.6.1 Characteristics of the Use of Force Regime 39
2.6.2 Use of Force Regime and the Law of State Responsibility 41
2.6.3 Necessity as a Circumstance Precluding Wrongfulness 51
2.7…Conclusion 54
References 54
3 Necessity in the Law of Armed Conflict and in International Criminal Law 57
Abstract 57
3.1…Introductory Remarks 58
3.2…Necessity and the Law of International Armed Conflict 60
3.2.1 Military Necessity as a General Principle of Restraint 60
3.2.2 Military Necessity as a Permissive Condition 63
3.2.3 Military Necessity Versus the Protection of Cultural Property 66
3.2.4 Military Necessity Versus the Protection of the Environment 68
3.3…The Role of International Jurisprudence 71
3.3.1 State Responsibility 71
3.3.2 Individual Criminal Responsibility 77
3.3.3 Necessity and Duress as Criminal Defences 81
3.4…Military Necessity in Non-International Armed Conflict 84
3.5…Concluding Remarks 85
Acknowledgements 86
References 87
4 State Responsibility, Necessity and Human Rights 91
Abstract 91
4.1…Introduction 92
4.2…Invoking Necessity so as to Excuse Non-Compliance with International Human Rights Law: Human Rights as Essential Interests of the International Community Under Article 25 ILC Articles 94
4.3…The Role of ‘Necessity’ with Respect to Primary Obligations Contained in International Human Rights Treaties 98
4.4…Human Rights as an ‘Essential Interest’ Excusing Non-Compliance with Non-Human Rights Related International Law Obligations 103
4.5…Concluding Observations 107
References 109
5 A Necessity Paradigm of ‘Necessity’ in International Economic Law 111
Abstract 111
5.1…Introduction 112
5.2…States of Necessity in International Economic Relations: Theory 113
5.3…International Practice 119
5.3.1 Necessity in the Framework of the World Trade Organization 119
5.3.2 ‘Necessity’ in the Framework of International Development Law 126
5.3.2.1 Necessity in International Development Law 126
5.3.2.2 Necessity in International Investment Law 129
5.3.3 ‘Necessity’ in the Framework of the International Monetary Fund 135
5.4…International Mechanisms Focusing on Global and National Economic Crisis Identification and Management 140
5.5…Conclusion 146
Acknowledgements 147
References 147
6 Necessity in Investment Arbitration 149
Abstract 149
6.1…Introduction 150
6.2…Economic Emergency as a Non-Legal Question, Outside the Scope of ICSID Jurisdiction 152
6.3…State of Necessity as an Issue of General International Law 156
6.3.1 State of Necessity and Economic Emergencies 157
6.3.2 Extreme Cases Only 158
6.3.3 Conflicting Interpretations of State of Necessity 159
6.4…Economic Emergencies Under Derogation Clauses Contained in Investment Agreements and as Potential Ground for Precluding Wrongfulness Under General International Law 160
6.5…Is the Existing Law Adequate or is it too Strict? 164
6.5.1 The Article 25 ‘Only Way’ Requirement 165
6.6…The Issue of Contribution 166
6.7…Conclusions 167
References 169
7 Necessity in International Environmental Law 171
Abstract 171
7.1…Introduction 172
7.2…A Brief Introduction to Article 25 of the Articles on State Responsibility 173
7.3…Necessity in International Environmental Law: Introductory Remarks 175
7.3.1 The Relevant Practice of States and the Case Law 175
7.3.1.1 The 1893 Fur Seals Controversy and the 1893 Bering Fur Seals Fisheries Arbitration (Great Britain v. the United States) 176
Brief Conclusion 178
7.3.1.2 The Torrey Canyon Incident 179
Brief Conclusion 180
7.3.1.3 The 1998 Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (Spain v. Canada) (Jurisdiction) 181
Brief Conclusion 184
7.3.1.4 The Gabcikovo--Nagymaros Case 185
Brief Conclusion 190
7.4…A Summation of the Issues Raised as a Result of the Analysis of the Doctrine and the Practice of States and the Relevant Case Law. The Questions of the Legal Construct of a State of Necessity in International Environmental Law 191
7.4.1 Introduction 191
7.4.2 The Analysis of the Issues Raised: Doctrinal Considerations 192
7.4.2.1 The Grounds for Invoking the State of Necessity in International Environmental Law 192
7.4.2.2 The Relevance of Article 25 to Necessity in International Environmental Law State of Necessity and Customary International Law192
Progressive Development of International Law and the State of Necessity 193
7.4.2.3 States of Necessity and Other Areas of International Law 194
7.4.2.4 Cross-Fertilisation with Other Branches of International Law 194
The Law of Treaties and the Law of State Responsibility (the State of Necessity) 195
7.4.2.5 The State of Necessity in International Environmental Law and Primary and Secondary Rules in International Law 196
7.4.2.6 The Invocation of the Plea of Necessity in International Law as Justification and as an Evidentiary (Procedural) Norm 197
7.4.2.7 The Role of the Third Party in the Invocation of the State of Necessity 198
7.4.2.8 The State of Necessity in International Environmental Law and Other Defences in the Law of State Responsibility 198
7.5…The Balancing of Interests, the Environment and the Interests of the Community of States 199
7.6…Certain Unresolved Issues 201
7.7…Concluding Remarks 203
References 203
8 The Notion of Necessity in the Law of the European Union 205
Abstract 205
8.1…Introduction 206
8.2…Exceptional Clauses in Primary Law 207
8.3…Exceptional Clauses in Secondary Law 212
8.4…Wholly Exceptional Clauses 215
8.4.1 Article 347 TFEU 215
8.4.2 Article 346 TFEU 219
8.4.2.1 The Case Law 221
8.4.2.2 The Problems Facing the Defence Industries 224
8.4.2.3 Interpretative and Legislative Initiatives by EU Institutions 226
8.5…Conclusion 228
References 229
Part IIDocumentation 231
9 Classification Scheme 232
Abstract 232
10 Netherlands State Practice for the Parliamentary Year 2008--2009 251
Alleged Dutch Planning of an Intervention in Suriname 252
Notification Under Section 3a, Paragraph 2, of the Bailiffs Act 253
Proposed Amendments to the Netherlands Nationality Act 255
Dutch View on the Refusal of the British Government to Allow a Dutch Member of Parliament to Enter the United Kingdom 256
A. enspemspImplications of the Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the Salah Sheekh Case 258
B.enspemspImplications for Dutch Asylum Practice of European Court of Justice Judgment in the Elgafaji Case 260
A.enspemspImplementation of the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse 265
B.enspemspAmendment of the Dutch Personal Data Protection Act 266
C.enspemspThe Dutch Drinking Water Act and the Human Right to Water 270
D.enspemspQuestions Asked by MPs Regarding the UN Anti-racism Conference 271
E.enspemspNo Participation of the Netherlands in UN Anti-racism Conference 272
F.enspemspEstablishment of a National Institute for Human Rights (NIRM) in the Netherlands 273
A.enspemspNotification under Section 3a, Paragraph 2, of the Bailiffs Act 274
B.enspemspNotification under Section 3a, Paragraph 2, of the Bailiffs Act 275
C.enspemspDutch Implementation of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations with Respect to the Enforcement of Fines Imposed on Diplomats 276
Dutch Approval of Treaties Concerning the European Union 278
Continuation of the Application of the Agreement on the Assignment of Nationality between the Netherlands and Suriname 280
Expansion of Secondary Universal Jurisdiction 282
A.enspemspDeployment of a Dutch Frigate in the Waters off the Coast of Somalia upon Request of the UN and the World Food Program 284
B.enspemspDutch Participation in the EU Maritime Operation in Somalia 285
C.enspemspDutch Participation in the EU’s Operation Atalanta 286
D.enspemspDutch Contribution to the NATO Operation Allied Protector 290
E.enspemspLegal Implications of Arresting and Detaining Persons during Anti-piracy Operations 292
F.emspenspDutch Government’s Response to the Advisory Memorandum on the Dutch Contribution to the EU Operation Off the Coast of Somalia, Drafted by Professor G.G.J. Knoops 296
G.enspemspDutch Proposal for the Establishment of a Piracy Tribunal 301
Improvement Measures and Conclusions with Respect to Ship-Generated Waste 303
Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention 304
Closure Guantánamo Bay Prison and Human Rights 308
Diplomatic and Other Consequences of Possible Dutch Legal Actions against Germany and Denmark 309
Dutch View on the Report that the European Court of Human Rights Cannot Handle Its Case Load 311
Preparations for the Construction of the ICC’s Permanent Premises 313
Establishment of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon 315
Israeli Pacific Blockade of the Gaza Strip 317
A.enspemspInvestigation of the Government’s Preparations and Decisions Relating to the Netherlands’ Political Support for the Invasion of Iraq 318
B.enspemspExtension of the Dutch Contribution to UNMIS 319
C.enspemspExtension of the Dutch Contribution to the NATO Training Mission in Iraq 320
Dutch Interpretation of UN Security Council Resolution 1737 with Respect to the Exclusion of Iranian Students from Education in the Netherlands 321
A.enspemspDutch Participation in the European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia 322
B.enspemspRelaxation of Visa Sanctions on Belarus 324
C. Expanding the Deployment of Dutch Police Officers in Peacekeeping Missions 326
The Dutch View on the Convention on Cluster Munition 328
Israel’s Reaction in Gaza Consistent with Humanitarian Law? 329
The ‘Paramaribo Dialogue’ in the Framework of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) 331
11 Treaties and Other International Agreements to Which the Kingdom of the Netherlands is a Party 334
12 Netherlands Municipal Legislation Involving Questions of Public International Law, 2009 375
Order of the State Secretary for Justice of 10 July 2009, No. WBV 2009/14, Amending the Aliens Circular 2000 (Stc. 2009 No. 11452) 375
Kingdom Act of 27 November 2008 Amending the Kingdom Act on the Approval and Publication of Treaties in Connection with the Electronic Publication of Treaties and of Decisions of International Organisations and Their Availability in Consolidated Form (Stb. 2008 No. 552) 377
Order of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of 5 December 2008, No. DJZ/BR/1140-08, Containing Further Rules on the Electronic Publication of Treaties and of Decisions of International Organisations (Tractatenblad (Electronic Publication) Order) (Stc. 2008 No. 247) 378
Kingdom Act of 25 February 2008 Regulating the Duties and Powers and the Administration and Policy of the Coastguard for the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba (Coastguard for the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Kingdom Act) (Stb. 2008 No. 98) 379
Decree of 7 January 2009 Containing Provisions Implementing the Coastguard for the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Kingdom Act (Coastguard for the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Implementing Decree) (Stb. 2009 No. 114) 381
Act of 12 June 2009 Amending the Criminal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure and Certain Related Acts to Provide That Participating and Cooperating in Training for Terrorism Constitute Criminal Offences and to Expand the Scope for Disqualification from a Profession as an Additional Sentence and Certain Other Amendments (Stb. 2009 No. 245) 381
Act of 29 December 2008 Containing Provisions Connected with the Establishment of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Partly for the Purpose of Implementing Resolution 1757 of the Security Council of the United Nations of 30 May 2007 (Special Tribunal for Lebanon Implementing Act) (Stb. 2009 No. 40) 382
Decree of 20 August 2009 Amending the Strategic Goods Decree in Connection with Council Regulation (EC) No. 428/2009 Setting Up a Community Regime for the Control of Exports, Transfer, Brokering and Transit of Dual-Use Items (Stb. 2009 No. 359) 383
Act of 12 June 2009 Implementing the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Concluded in Paris on 14 November 1970 (Act Implementing the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property) (Stb. 2009 No. 255) 384
13 Netherlands Judicial Decisions Involving Questions of Public International Law, 2008--2009 387
X v. The Management Board of the Social Insurance Bank, Central Appeals Court for the Public Service and for Social Security Matters, 5 March 2009, LJN No. BI0952, JB (2009) No. 134, USZ (2009) No. 154 388
United States of America v. X, Y and Z, Court of Appeal of Den Bosch, 18 November 2008, LJN No. BG5015, NIPR (2009) No. 36 394
A 398
X v. the Mayor and Aldermen of the Municipality of Onderbanken, Supreme Court, 6 June 2008, LJN No. BD3187, BNB (2008) No. 212 398
B 402
X v. State Secretary for Finance, Supreme Court, 16 January 2009, LJN No. BF7264, BNB (2009) No. 113 402
M. Elgafaji and N. Elgafaji v. State Secretary for Justice, Administrative Law Division of the Council of State, 25 May 2009, LJN No. BI4791, JV (2009) No. 291, NAV (2009) No. 24, RV (2009) No. 9 411
A 420
X v. P. Hemelrijk, Supreme Court, 18 January 2008, LJN No. BB3210, RvdW (2008) No. 104, NJ (2008) No. 274. 420
B 428
X v. the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Administrative Law Division of the Council of State, 3 December 2008, LJN No. BG5910, JB (2009) No. 13, AB (2009) No. 70, JV (2009) No. 114 428
NV Waterleiding Maatschappij Limburg v. X, District Court of Maastricht, Limited Jurisdiction Sector, sitting in Heerlen, 25 June 2008, LJN No. BD5759, NJCM-Bulletin (2009) p 249 432
‘Van Stolkpark’ Community Association v. the Mayor and Aldermen of the Municipality of The Hague, Administrative Law Division of the Council of State, 4 March 2009, LJN No. BH4654, JB (2009) No. 100 433
X v. the State Secretary for Justice, Administrative Law Division of the Council of State, 27 January 2009, LJN No. BH2031, JV (2009) No. 126 436
Board of Airline Representatives in the Netherlands v. the State of the Netherlands and the Minister of Finance, Supreme Court, 10 July 2009, LJN No. BI3450, RvdW (2009) No. 848, NJ (2009) No. 563 440
State Secretary for Justice v. X, Administrative Law Division of the Council of State, 8 August 2008, LJN No. BE0215, JV (2008) No. 366, RV (2008) No. 44 445
Public Prosecution Service v. J. Mumbara, Supreme Court, 21 October 2008, LJN No. BD6568, RvdW (2008) No. 751, NJ (2009) No. 108 451
Municipality of Rotterdam v. Mines de Potasse d’Alsace S.A., District Court of Rotterdam, 17 December 2008, LJN No. BH1978 471
State Secretary for Justice v. X, Administrative Law Division of the Council of State, 10 February 2009, LJN No. BH4190, JV (2009) No. 168 475
Frans van Anraat v. the Public Prosecution Service, Supreme Court, 30 June 2009, LJN No. BG4822, RvdW (2009) No. 877, NJ (2009) No. 481 478
H. Slebos v. Public Prosecution Service, Court of Appeal of Amsterdam, 30 January 2009, Institute’s Collection No. R8654 496
Table of Cases* 500
Index 506