Future of Design Methodology (eBook)

Herbert Birkhofer was awarded a PhD from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Technische Universität Braunschweig. He is currently Professor and Head of the Product Development and Machine Elements Institute at Technische Universität Darmstadt. He is a member of the Scientific Association for Machine Elements and Design Research and of Berliner Kreis (association for the advancement of product innovation in German industry). He co-edits the journal Zeitschrift Konstruktion and is Programme Chair of two events: the annual Applied Engineering Design Systems workshops in Czechoslovakia, and the biennial DESIGN conferences in Croatia. His main research interests are product development and design methodology, knowledge management in design, empirical design research, development of environmentally sound products, and lifetime theory of solid-lubricated bearings.

Foreword 5
Preface and Acknowledgements 6
Contents 7
Introduction 10
1.1 Motivation 10
1.2 Design Methodology 11
1.2.1 History of Design Methodology 11
1.2.2 Goals and Subjects of Design Methodology 13
1.2.3 Further Development of Design Methodology 14
1.2 Design Methodology and Design Practice 16
1.3 Design Research 18
1.3.1 Areas of Activity in Design Research 18
1.3.2 Types of Design Research 20
1.4 Overview of Contributions to the Book 22
1.5 References 24
Part I Specific Ways to Further Develop 
28 
2 Is Engineering Design Disappearing from 
30 
2.1 Disappearing Engineering Design? 30
2.2 The Starting Point for Embodiment 31
2.3 What Happens During The Embodiment Stage? 32
2.4 Function Reasoning 33
2.5 Structuring 35
2.6 Property Reasoning 37
2.7 Part Design 38
2.8 Embodiment and Verification 39
2.9 Nature of Human Design 40
2.10 The Challenges in Embodiment Design 40
2.11 Conclusion 42
2.12 Afterword 42
2.13 References 43
Methodical Support for the Development of 
44 
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 The Five Attributes of Modular Products and their Effects 45
3.3 Strategies for Controlling External Variety 47
3.4 PKT’s Integrated Approach for Developing Modular 
48 
3.4.1 Product Program Planning 49
3.4.2 Design for Variety 50
3.4.3 Life Phases Modularization 51
3.4.4 Process-Oriented Product Development 53
3.4.5 Module Lightweight Design 53
3.5 References 54
4 Risk-Driven Design Processes: Balancing 
55 
4.1 The Challenges of Complex Product Design Projects 55
4.2 Uncertainty and Risk in Product Design 56
4.3 Risk-based View: Risk-Driven Design 58
4.4 Research Agenda 61
4.5 References 61
5 Methodology and Computer-Aided Tools - a 
63 
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 The Fundamentals of Product Development 64
5.3 The Interaction between Design Methods and Computer- 
64 
5.4 Examples of Successful Interaction 66
5.4.1 DFX 66
5.4.2 Calculations and Simulations in Design for Production 67
5.4.3 Tolerance Analysis/Visualisation 70
5.4.4 Process Modelling 70
5.5 The Future Development of Methodology and CAx tools 71
5.6 Conclusion3 72
5.7 References 72
6 A Reuse Design Decision Support System Based 
74 
6.1 Introduction 74
6.2 Analyzing the Combination between Human and Computers 75
6.3 Approach 76
6.3.1 Formularization Phase 77
6.3.2 Preparation Phase 78
6.3.3 Decision Phase 78
6.4 Selecting the Methods for the Three Phases 78
6.4.1 Methods for Formalizing the Requirements 79
6.5 Developing a Procedure Model for Selecting a Product 
80 
6.6 Case Study 81
6.6.1 Implementation 81
6.6.2 Analysing the SOM to Make a Decision 82
6.7 Summary 83
6.8 References 83
7 Increasing Effectiveness and Efficiency of Product Development - A Challenge for Design 
85 
7.1 Present State of and Challenges in Product Development 85
7.2 Objectives for Product Development in the Future 86
7.3 The Contribution of Engineering Design Methodology and 
87 
7.3.1 Requirements on Engineering Design Methodologies 87
7.3.2 IKTD’s Approach 88
7.3.2.1 Evaluation of Innovative Product Ideas 89
7.3.2.2 Systematic Design of Hybrid Intelligent Design Elements (HIKE) 90
7.3.2.3 Proactive Support of Product Development Processes with Multi-Agent Systems (ProKon) 92
7.3.2.4 Evaluation of Product Development Knowledge (PDKbench 93
7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 95
7.5 References 96
8 Design Theory and Methodology– Contributions to the Computer Support of 
97 
8.1 Introduction 97
8.2 Requirements of Design Theory and Methodology 98
8.3 Theoretical Base 99
8.4 Computer Support in Product Development/Design 103
8.5 Conclusions 109
8.6 References 109
9 Summary - Specific Approaches to Further 
111 
9.1 Intensification and expansion of existing research focuses 111
9.2 Improvement of the revision of work in human-computer relations and the integration of computer usage into Design 
113 
9.3 Fortification of the scientific foundation 114
9.4 Results and recognitions 115
Part II Holistic Ways to Supply, Extend or Replace Design Methodology 
117 
10 Boundary Conditions for a New Type of Design 
119 
10.1 Introduction 119
10.2 Broadening Horizons through Boundary Conditions 120
10.3 Six Composite Views of PSS 122
10.3.1 Competencies and Disciplines (from Engineering to Innovation) 122
10.3.2 The Nature of the Offering (from Product to Service) 123
10.3.3 New Production Forms (from Design to Doing) 124
10.3.4 Elements of Choice (from Regulation to Choice) 125
10.3.5 Executional interventions (from User Activity to Provider 
125 
10.3.6 Perceptions of Value (from Quality to Value) 126
10.4 Case: PSS in the Maritime Industry 127
10.5 Discussion and Conclusion 128
10.6 References 129
11 
131 
11.1 Introduction 131
11.2 Nature of PSS Design: Differences from Traditional 
132 
11.2.1 Three Dimensions to be Considered 132
11.2.2 Reviewing Design Research on PSS 133
11.2.3 Future Research Issues 134
11.3 Integrated Development of Technology and the Business 
135 
11.3.1 Implication from Theory 135
11.3.2 Industrial Needs 136
11.3.3 Existing Knowledge and Research Opportunity 137
11.4 Conclusion 138
11.5 References 138
12 
141 
12.1 Introduction 141
12.2 General Design Theory 143
12.3 Future Design Methodology 143
12.3.1 CSL- Company Strategic Landscape 147
12.3.2 DFC- Product Configuration 149
12.3.3 Kontu: Combined Variation of Product, Manufacturing 
150 
12.4 Conclusions 151
12.5 References 151
13 
153 
13.1 Introduction 153
13.2 Lifecycle Approaches and Workflow Management 155
13.2.1Information Technology-driven Product Lifecycle 156
13.2.2 Workflow Management 158
13.3 Progress Monitoring and Maturity Management 160
13.4 Conclusion 161
13.5 References 162
14 
163 
14.1 Introduction 163
14.2 Structural Complexity 164
14.3 Requirement Analysis 165
14.4 Knowledge Identification 167
14.5 Design to Cost 168
14.6 Process Planning 170
14.7 Conclusion and Outlook 172
14.8 References 173
15 The Autogenetic Design Theory Product Development as an Analogy to Biological 
174 
15.1 Introduction 174
15.2 Basic Principles of the Autogenetic Design Theory 175
15.3 The ADT Process Model 177
15.4 The ADT Prohibition Space 179
15.5 The ADT Product Model 181
15.6 Conclusion and Outlook 183
15.7 References 184
16 Towards a Designer-Centred Methodology: Descriptive Considerations and Prescriptive 
185 
16.1 The PAST: What is Design Methodology Good For? 185
16.1.1 The Two Faces of Design Methodology 186
16.1.2 Deficits of Design Methodology 187
16.2 The Present: Do Designers Need Design Methodology? 189
16.2.1 Uncertainty as a Consequence of Routine and Non-Routine 
190 
16.2.2 The Users’ View 191
16.3 THE FUTURE: Design Methodology as A New Business 
196 
16.3.1 Design Thinking as ‘Design Methodology-lite’? 197
16.3.2 Implications for the Future of Design Methodology 198
16.4 References 200
17 A New Perspective on Product Engineering 
202 
17.1 Introduction – Five Hypotheses on Product Engineering 202
17.2 Different Views on Methods and Processes of Product 
204 
17.3 Product Engineering is the Transformation of Objectives 
207 
17.4 Validation 208
17.5 Introducing the Integrated Product Engineering Model 
210 
17.6 Conclusion 211
17.7 References 212
18 Summary - Holistic Ways to Supply, Extend or 
213 
18.1 Object-related extension of Design Methodology towards a 
213 
18.2 Process-related extensions of Design Methodology towards a methodology of computer-aided planning and development of 
214 
18.3 Additions to Design Methodology with holistic methods 
215 
18.4 Alternative design methods with new paradigms 216
18.5 Results and recognitions 218
Part III General Reflections on 
220 
19What Designers Can Learn From Leonardo, an 
222 
19.1. Leonardo's Life 222
19.2. Some Thesis on Abilities, Skills and Methods in Art, 
223 
19.3 Leonardo: a First Man of the Modern Era 224
19.4 Useful Methods and Skills of Leonardo 225
19.5 Leonardo's Dream of Flying 227
19.6 Conclusions 228
19.7 References 229
20 
230 
20.1 Introduction 230
20.2 The Diffusing Concept of Design 231
20.3 The Changing Context of Design 232
20.4 Conclusions 237
20.5 References 238
21 
239 
21.1 Introduction 239
21.2 Design Practice Knowledge 241
21.3 Design Research Knowledge 242
21.4 Knowledge Transfer – A Case Study 245
21.5 Conclusions 247
21.6 References 248
22 
249 
22.1 Introduction 249
22.2 Design and Design Research 249
22.3 Future of Design Research 251
22.4 Academic Maturity of the Discipline and Consolidation 252
22.5 Some Initial Proposals 254
22.6 Application of the Taxonomy of Design Research Areas 256
22.7 Summary and Initiations 258
22.8 References 258
23 
260 
23.1 Introduction 260
23.2 Design Research at University 262
23.3 Teaching Engineering Design 265
23.4 The Impact of Education Policy 266
23.5 Industrial Needs as a Driver for Design Research 267
23.6 The Future 269
23.7 References 270
24 The Future of Design Research: Consolidation, 
273 
24.1 Introduction 273
24.2 Background 274
24.3 Mapping the Design Research Space 276
24.3.1 Are There Areas In Which We Can Agree? 276
24.3.2 Where Is There Less Agreement? 278
24.3.3 Summary 279
24.4 Learning from Other Communities 280
24.5 Conclusion 281
24.6 References 281
25 Summary - General Reflections on Design 
283 
25.1 Internal and external requirements for developing Design 
283 
25.2 The unsolved problem of Design Methodology transfer into 
284 
25.3 The creation of Design Methodology by design research 285
25.4 Results and recognition 287
26 
289 
26.1 Further development towards a life cycle development 
289 
26.2 The further development to a holistic methodology for 
290 
26.3 Definition of a human-centric Design Methodology 290
26.4 The comprehensive integration of information technology 
291 
26.5 The consolidation of Design Methodology 291
26.6 Closing remarks 292
Index 294