Earthquake Data in Engineering Seismology (eBook)

Preface and Acknowledgements 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Principal Contributors 14
Co-Contributors 15
Part I Ground-Motion Predictive Models 17
1 Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) from a Global Dataset: The PEER NGA Equations 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 The NGA-Empirical Project 19
1.2.1 Personnel 19
1.2.2 Scope 19
1.2.3 Database 19
1.3 Model Development 19
1.3.1 Dataset Selection 19
1.3.2 Functional Forms 20
1.4 Results 24
1.5 Comparisons with Other Studies 27
1.6 Conclusions 29
References 29
2 Ground-Motion Models for Defining Seismic Actions in Eurocode 8 31
2.1 Harmonization of Seismic Hazard Assessment in Europe 31
2.2 Current Status of Ground-Motion Prediction in Europe 34
2.3 Current Definition of Seismic Actions in Eurocode 8 35
2.4 A New Formulation for Seismic Actions in Eurocode 8 37
References 39
3 Investigating Possible Regional Dependence in Strong Ground Motions 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Pseudo-Regional Differences 44
3.3 Previous Studies 45
3.3.1 Evidence from Physical Reasoning or Macroseismic Intensities 45
3.3.2 Evidence from Weak-Motion Data 46
3.3.3 Evidence from Strong-Motion Data 49
3.4 Discussion and Conclusions 50
References 50
4 A Predictive Ground-Motion Model for Turkey and Its Comparison with Recent Local and Global GMPEs 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Database 55
4.3 Developed Local GMPE 56
4.4 Inter-event and Inter-station Distribution of Residuals 58
4.5 Quantitative Comparison of Developed GMPE with Other Local and Global GMPEs 60
4.6 Conclusions 63
References 64
5 Strong-Motion Networks in Italy and Their Efficient Use in the Derivation of Regional and Global Predictive Models 67
5.1 Strong Motion Networks in Italy and the Italian Strong Motion Data Set 67
5.2 Fit of the LAquila Data Set to ITA08 70
5.3 Derivation of Regional GMPEs 72
5.4 Conclusions 77
References 82
6 Strong-Motion Networks in Greece and Their Efficient Use in the Derivation of Regional Ground-Motion Prediction Models 84
6.1 Introduction 84
6.2 Greek Strong-Motion Network and Data Processing 85
6.3 Greek Ground Motion Prediction Equations 88
6.4 Conclusions 92
References 92
7 Ground Motion Simulation Using the Hybrid Empirical Method: Issues and Insights 94
7.1 Introduction 94
7.2 Example Application to ENA 95
7.2.1 WNA Empirical Ground Motion Estimates 96
7.2.2 WNA-to-ENA Regional Adjustment Factors 96
7.2.3 ENA Hybrid Empirical Ground Motion Estimates 97
7.3 Application Issues 98
7.3.1 Source Spectrum 98
7.3.2 Stress Drop 99
7.3.3 Near-Source Geometrical Spreading 101
7.3.4 Small-Magnitude Scaling 103
7.3.5 Large-Magnitude Scaling 104
7.4 Conclusions 104
References 105
Part II Accelerometric Data Repositories 109
8 Record Processing in ITACA, the New Italian Strong-Motion Database 110
8.1 Introduction 110
8.2 Characteristics of the ITACA Dataset 112
8.3 Record Processing 114
8.3.1 ITACA Processing Scheme 115
8.3.2 Comparison with Records from Other Sources 117
8.3.3 Processing of Late-Triggered Records 120
8.4 Conclusions 123
References 123
9 The European-Mediterranean Distributed Accelerometric Data-Base 125
9.1 Introduction 125
9.2 State of Strong Motion Instrumentation in European-Mediterranean Region 126
9.3 Standard Processing Procedures: Parameter Definition and Software Description 127
9.4 Assembled Core Contributor Dataset 130
9.5 Technical Description of the Database 131
9.5.1 Waveform Data 132
9.5.2 Data Access 133
9.5.3 Data Server 133
9.6 Long Term Vision 133
9.7 Conclusions 136
References 136
10 Distributed Archive and Single Access System for Accelerometric Event Data: A NERIES Initiative 139
10.1 Introduction 139
10.2 Distributed System 140
10.2.1 Specific ASCII Format for Accelerometric Data 140
10.2.2 Main Nodes 141
10.2.3 Metadata Stream Between the Accelerometric Data Explorer, Data Provider and Data Server 142
10.3 Detailed Data server Description 144
10.3.1 Structure of the Request 144
10.3.2 Local Database 146
10.3.3 Application Architecture 147
10.4 The Accelerometric Data Explorer 150
10.5 Conclusion 152
References 152
Part III Arrays and Networks 153
11 Euroseistest 3D Array for the Study of Complex Site Effects 154
11.1 Introduction 154
11.2 Definition of a Complex Geologic Structure 156
11.2.1 Background, Aims and Workplan 156
11.2.2 3D Model Configuration 157
11.3 Strong Motion Array and Site Effect Studies in Complex Media 162
11.3.1 Strong Motion Array 162
11.3.2 Empirical and Theoretical Site Response Along 2D Cross-Sections 163
11.3.3 Empirical and Theoretical Site Response in the Whole Basin 168
11.3.4 Engineering Implications of Complex Site Effects 169
11.4 Conclusions -- Discussion 172
References 173
12 Deployment of New Strong Motion Seismographs of K-NET and KiK-net 176
12.1 Introduction 176
12.1.1 K-NET (Kyoshin NETwork) 177
12.1.2 KiK-net (Kiban Kyoshin network) 179
12.2 New Instruments of K-NET and KiK-net 180
12.2.1 Sensor Module 181
12.2.2 Acquisition System 182
12.2.3 Performances of New Instruments 183
12.3 Continuous Observations 184
12.4 Data Flow and Data Release 186
12.5 Summary 187
References 195
13 Integrating the European Observational Seismology Infrastructure: NERIES Developments 196
13.1 Introduction 196
13.2 Current Seismological Monitoring Networks 197
13.3 Network Funding and Data Exchange 199
13.4 European Scale Open Rapid Data Exchange 200
13.5 Observational Networks and Research Tools 202
13.6 Digital Waveform Data Archives 203
13.7 Waveform Data for Research 204
13.8 Accelerometer Networks 204
13.9 Acceleration Data Exchange 205
13.10 Discussion and Conclusions 206
References 206
14 The Turkish National Accelerometric Network: 1973--2010 208
14.1 Setting the Stage: The 1939--1973 Period 208
14.2 The First Vernacular Accelerogram: The 1976 Denizli Record 210
14.3 Expansion of the National Network Until 1996 210
14.4 Post-1999 Status 211
14.5 Current Status 214
References 227
15 The Current State of Strong Motion Monitoring in Switzerland 228
15.1 Introduction 228
15.2 Seismic Monitoring in Switzerland 230
15.2.1 Dial-Up Strong Motion Network 231
15.2.2 Broadband Seismic Network 231
15.2.3 Modern Strong Motion Network 232
15.2.4 Planned Strong Motion Network Upgrade 233
15.3 Strong Motion Data Archival, Dissemination and Storage Considerations 233
15.4 Use of Strong Motion Data at the SED: Network Products and Research 236
15.4.1 Earthquake Detection 237
15.4.2 Earthquake Locations and Local Magnitudes 237
15.4.3 ShakeMaps 237
15.4.4 Moment Magnitude Estimates 238
15.4.5 Ground Motion Prediction Equations 238
15.4.6 Site Effects 238
15.4.7 Monitoring of Geothermal Exploration 239
15.4.8 Early Warning 239
15.5 Conclusions 239
References 240
16 Real-Time Seismic Monitoring of Structures: Data Handling and Case Studies 243
16.1 Introduction 244
16.1.1 The "Why" of Real-Time Seismic Monitoring of Structures 244
16.1.2 Justification for Real-Time Data from Buildings or Lifelines 244
16.1.3 Data, Hardware and Scope 245
16.2 Current Inventory of Real-Time Monitoring of Structures 246
16.2.1 Data Streaming and Storage Issues 246
16.3 Two Cases of Structures 249
16.3.1 FDIC Building, San Francisco, CA 249
16.3.2 Cape Girardeau (Bill Emerson) Bridge, MO 251
16.4 Conclusions 252
References 253
17 Strong-Motion Networks in Romania and Their Efficient Use in the Structural Engineering Applications 254
17.1 Introduction 254
17.2 Strong-Motion Networks in Romania 255
17.3 Recent Earthquake Engineering Research at INCERC 258
17.3.1Studies on Attenuation and Directivity Directivity 258
17.3.2 Mapping of Ground Motion Parameters and of Various Spectral Quantities 260
17.4 Final Remarks 265
References 265
18 Strong-Motion and Structural Monitoring Networks in Istanbul and Their Use for Risk Assessment 267
18.1 Introduction 268
18.2 Istanbul Rapid Response Network 268
18.3 Istanbul Early Warning Network 269
18.4 Vertical Ground Arrays 272
18.5 Structural Monitoring Arrays 273
References 275
Addresses of Principal Contributors 277
Index 279