High-Temperature Cuprate Superconductors (eBook)

High-Temperature Cuprate Superconductors 3
Preface 5
Contents 7
1 Introduction 11
1.1 Problem of High-Temperature Superconductivity 11
1.2 Discovery of High-Temperature Superconductors 14
1.3 Generic Properties of Cuprate Superconductors 16
2 Crystal Structure 23
2.1 The Structure of Ba1-xKxBiO3 25
2.2 The Structure of La2-xMxCuO4- y 27
2.2.1 Structural Phase Transitions in La2-xMxCuO4 29
2.2.2 Theory of Structural Phase Transitions 35
2.2.3 Copper-Oxide Ladder Compounds 38
2.3 Nd2-xCexCuO4 Compounds 42
2.4 YBaCuO-Based Compounds 43
2.4.1 Structure of YBa2Cu3O7-y 44
2.4.2 Modifications of the YBCO Structure 48
2.4.3 Rutheno-Cuprates Magneto-Superconductors 49
2.5 Bi-, Tl- and Hg-Compounds 50
2.6 High-Pressure Effects 55
2.7 Conclusion 59
3 Antiferromagnetism in Cuprate Superconductors 61
3.1 Magnetic Neutron Scattering 62
3.2 Antiferromagnetism in La2-xMxCuO4 Compound 65
3.2.1 Magnetic Phase Diagram 65
3.2.2 Microscopic Models 69
3.2.3 Theory of Magnetic Phase Transitions 73
The Néel Transition 73
Phenomenological Theory 75
3.2.4 Spin Dynamics 78
Nonsuperconducting State, x < 0.05
Incommensurate Spin Correlations: Stripes 82
Spin Gap and Magnetic Excitation Spectra 88
3.3 Antiferromagnetism in YBa2Cu3O6 +x Compounds 90
3.3.1 Magnetic Phase Diagram 90
3.3.2 Spin Dynamics 94
Nonsuperconducting Region 94
The Metallic Region: Spin Gap 97
3.3.3 Resonance Mode 102
3.3.4 Antiferromagnetism in REBa2Cu3O6+x 108
3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies 110
3.4.1 The Knight Shift 113
3.4.2 Spin–Lattice Relaxation 118
3.4.3 Spin Pseudogap 123
3.5 Conclusion 128
4 Thermodynamic Properties of Cuprate Superconductors 131
4.1 Anisotropic Ginzburg–Landau Model 131
4.2 Specific Heat 136
4.2.1 Low-Temperature Electronic Specific Heat 136
4.2.2 Pseudogap in Electronic Specific Heat 140
4.2.3 Fluctuation Effects 146
4.3 Magnetic Properties 152
4.3.1 Vortex Matter 153
4.3.2 Critical Magnetic Fields 166
Upper Critical Magnetic Field Hc 2 166
Anomalous Nernst Effect 173
Lower Critical Magnetic Field Hc 1 175
4.3.3 Magnetic Penetration Depth 177
4.4 Conclusion 185
5 Electronic Properties of Cuprate Superconductors 187
5.1 Electronic Structure: Overview 188
5.1.1 Crystal Chemistry and Bands 188
5.1.2 Effects of Impurity Substitution 193
Resume 208
5.2 Photoemission Spectroscopy 209
5.2.1 High-Energy Spectroscopy 212
Resume 223
5.2.2 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy 224
Fermi Surface 228
Resume 245
Many-Body Effects 246
Resume 255
Superconducting Gap and Pseudogap 255
Resume 260
Conclusion 260
5.3 Optical Electron Spectroscopy 261
5.3.1 Dynamical Conductivity 262
5.3.2 Normal-State Optical Spectra 266
Doping Dependence of the Optical Conductivity 266
Quasiparticle Interaction 272
Electron-Doped Cuprates 279
Resume 281
5.3.3 Superconducting State 282
Microwave Spectroscopy 282
Resume 289
Superconducting Gap 290
Optical Spectral Weight Transfer at Superconducting Transition 292
Resume 300
5.3.4 Electronic Raman Scattering 300
Resume 311
5.4 Transport Properties 311
5.4.1 Resistivity 314
5.4.2 Hall Effect 320
Resume 327
5.4.3 Heat Transport 327
Thermal Conductivity 327
Thermopower 331
5.4.4 Theoretical Models 333
Resume 336
5.5 Superconducting Gap and Pseudogap 337
5.5.1 Gap Symmetry 337
5.5.2 Tunneling Experiments 339
Superconducting Phase 340
Normal State Pseudogap 342
Intrinsic Josephson Junctions 345
Inhomogeneity and Superstructures 347
Resume 351
5.5.3 Phase-Sensitive Experiments 352
Resume 357
6 Lattice Dynamics and Electron–Phonon Interaction 358
6.1 Neutron Scattering Studies 359
6.1.1 Doping Dependence of Phonon Spectra 360
6.1.2 Phonon Renormalization in Superconducting State 365
Resume 367
6.2 Optical Investigations 367
Resume 373
6.3 Isotope Effect 374
Resume 379
6.4 Theoretical Models 380
6.5 Conclusion 384
7 Theoretical Models of High-Tc Superconductivity 386
7.1 Electronic Structure of Cuprates 387
7.1.1 Band-Structure Calculations 387
7.1.2 Model Hamiltonians for CuO2 Plane 391
Effective p–d Model Hamiltonian 393
One-Band t–J Model 399
7.2 Electron Excitations in the Normal State 402
7.2.1 Single-Particle Electron Spectrum 402
Spin-Polaron Model 406
t–J Model 412
Hubbard Model 417
Conclusion 427
7.2.2 Spin Dynamics 428
Resume 436
7.3 Magnetic Mechanism of Superconductivity 437
7.3.1 Unconventional Ground State 437
Slave-Particle Approach 438
Variational Approach 441
Inhomogeneous Ground State 442
Resume 443
7.3.2 Spin-Fluctuation Pairing 443
Phenomenological Approach 444
Weak Correlation Limit 446
Resume 448
7.3.3 Models with Strong Correlations 448
Finite Cluster Calculations 448
Dynamical Cluster Theory 450
Diagram Technique 451
Projection Operator Method 452
Spin-Polaron Model 453
Superconducting Pairing in the t–J Model 455
Hubbard Model 458
Resume 464
7.4 Electron–Phonon Superconducting Pairing 464
7.4.1 Anisotropic Electron–Phonon Interaction 465
Resume 468
7.4.2 Van Hove Singularity Scenario 468
7.4.3 Polaron and Bipolaron Superconductivity 469
Resume 474
7.5 Charge Fluctuation Models 474
7.5.1 Plasmon Model 475
7.5.2 Exciton Models 478
7.5.3 Coulomb Repulsion Pairing 481
Hole Superconductivity 483
Resume 485
7.6 Conclusion 486
8 Applications 488
8.1 Electric Power Applications 489
8.1.1 Superconducting Tapes and Cables 489
8.1.2 Fault Current Limiters 492
8.1.3 Superconducting Rotating Machines 492
8.2 Electronic Applications 494
8.2.1 Josephson Junctions 494
8.2.2 Passive Microwave Devices 497
8.2.3 Active Microwave Devices 498
8.2.4 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices 500
8.3 Conclusion 503
A Thermodynamic Green Functions in Superconductivity Theory 504
A.1 Thermodynamic Green Functions 505
A.1.1 Green Function Definition 505
A.1.2 Spectral Representation 506
A.1.3 Sum Rules and Symmetry Relations 507
A.2 Eliashberg Equations for Fermion–Boson Models 508
A.2.1 Dyson Equation 508
A.2.2 Noncrossing Approximation 510
A.3 Superconductivity in the Hubbard Model 512
A.3.1 Dyson Equation 513
A.3.2 Mean-Field Approximation 514
A.3.3 Self-Energy Operator 517
A.4 Superconductivity in the t–J Model 519
Resume 521
References 522
Index 574