Embedded System Design (eBook)
XXI, 400 Seiten
Springer Netherlands (Verlag)
978-94-007-0257-8 (ISBN)
Until the late 1980s, information processing was associated with large mainframe computers and huge tape drives. During the 1990s, this trend shifted toward information processing with personal computers, or PCs. The trend toward miniaturization continues and in the future the majority of information processing systems will be small mobile computers, many of which will be embedded into larger products and interfaced to the physical environment. Hence, these kinds of systems are called embedded systems. Embedded systems together with their physical environment are called cyber-physical systems. Examples include systems such as transportation and fabrication equipment. It is expected that the total market volume of embedded systems will be significantly larger than that of traditional information processing systems such as PCs and mainframes. Embedded systems share a number of common characteristics. For example, they must be dependable, efficient, meet real-time constraints and require customized user interfaces (instead of generic keyboard and mouse interfaces). Therefore, it makes sense to consider common principles of embedded system design.
Embedded System Design starts with an introduction into the area and a survey of specification models and languages for embedded and cyber-physical systems. It provides a brief overview of hardware devices used for such systems and presents the essentials of system software for embedded systems, like real-time operating systems. The book also discusses evaluation and validation techniques for embedded systems. Furthermore, the book presents an overview of techniques for mapping applications to execution platforms. Due to the importance of resource efficiency, the book also contains a selected set of optimization techniques for embedded systems, including special compilation techniques. The book closes with a brief survey on testing.
Embedded System Design can be used as a text book for courses on embedded systems and as a source which provides pointers to relevant material in the area for PhD students and teachers. It assumes a basic knowledge of information processing hardware and software. Courseware related to this book is available at http://ls12-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de/-marwedel.
Dr. Peter Marwedel received his PhD in Physics from the University of Kiel in 1974. He is one of the early researchers in high level synthesis, working on the MIMOLA system for a number of years. Dr. Marwedel is a professor at the University of Dortmund since 1989. He has served as the chairman of the computer science department, has played a leading role in establishing the Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE) conference and is the chairman of the Informatik Centrum Dortmund (ICD), a technology transfer centre.
Embedded systems can be defined as information processing systems embedded into enclosing products such as cars, telecommunication or fabrication equipment. Such systems come with a large number of common characteristics, including real-time constraints, and dependability as well as efficiency requirements. Following the success of information technology (IT) for office and workflow applications, embedded systems are considered to be the most important application area of IT during the coming years. This importance of embedded systems is so far not well reflected in many of the current curricula. Embedded System Design is intended as an aid for changing this situation. It provides the material for a first course on embedded systems, but can also be used by PhD students and professors. A key goal of this book is to provide an overview of embedded system design and to relate the most important topics in embedded system design to each other. It should help to motivate students as well as professors to put more emphasis on education in embedded systems. In order to facilitate teaching from this book, slides, exercises and other related material can be downloaded via the author's web page.
Dr. Peter Marwedel received his PhD in Physics from the University of Kiel in 1974. He is one of the early researchers in high level synthesis, working on the MIMOLA system for a number of years. Dr. Marwedel is a professor at the University of Dortmund since 1989. He has served as the chairman of the computer science department, has played a leading role in establishing the Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE) conference and is the chairman of the Informatik Centrum Dortmund (ICD), a technology transfer centre.
Contents 5
Preface 10
Acknowledgments 20
Introduction 21
Application areas and examples 21
Common characteristics 24
Challenges in Embedded System Design 30
Design Flows 32
Structure of this book 37
Assignments 38
Specifications and Modeling 40
Requirements 40
Models of computation 47
Early design phases 54
Use cases 54
(Message) Sequence Charts 55
Communicating finite state machines (CFSMs) 58
Timed automata 59
StateCharts: implicit shared memory communication 61
Synchronous languages 71
SDL: A case of message passing 73
Data flow 80
Scope 80
Kahn process networks 81
Synchronous data flow 83
Simulink 85
Petri nets 86
Introduction 86
Condition/event nets 89
Place/transition nets 90
Predicate/transition nets 95
Evaluation 97
Discrete event based languages 97
VHDL 99
SystemC 115
Verilog and SystemVerilog 117
SpecC 119
Von-Neumann languages 120
CSP 121
ADA 121
Java 124
Pearl and Chill 125
Communication libraries 125
Levels of hardware modeling 126
Comparison of models of computation 128
Criteria 128
UML 132
Ptolemy II 134
Assignments 135
Embedded System Hardware 138
Introduction 138
Input 139
Sensors 139
Discretization of time: Sample-and-hold circuits 142
Discretization of values: A/D-converters 146
Processing Units 151
Overview 151
Application-Specific Circuits (ASICs) 154
Processors 154
Reconfigurable Logic 171
Memories 174
Communication 176
Requirements 177
Electrical robustness 178
Guaranteeing real-time behavior 179
Examples 181
Output 183
D/A-converters 183
Sampling theorem 186
Actuators 191
Secure hardware 192
Assignments 192
System Software 195
Embedded Operating Systems 196
General requirements 196
Real-time operating systems 200
Virtual machines 204
Resource access protocols 204
ERIKA 209
Hardware abstraction layers 213
Middleware 213
OSEK/VDX COM 213
CORBA 214
MPI 215
POSIX Threads (Pthreads) 216
OpenMP 216
UPnP, DPWS and JXTA 217
Real-time databases 218
Assignments 219
Evaluation and Validation 220
Introduction 220
Scope 220
Multi-objective optimization 221
Relevant objectives 223
Performance evaluation 224
Early phases 224
WCET estimation 225
Real-time calculus 230
Energy and power models 234
Thermal models 235
Risk- and dependability analysis 236
Simulation 245
Rapid prototyping and emulation 246
Formal Verification 248
Assignments 250
Application mapping 252
Problem definition 252
Scheduling in real-time systems 255
Classification of scheduling algorithms 255
Aperiodic scheduling without precedence constraints 259
Aperiodic scheduling with precedence constraints 265
Periodic scheduling without precedence constraints 274
Periodic scheduling with precedence constraints 279
Sporadic events 280
Hardware/software partitioning 280
Introduction 280
COOL 281
Mapping to heterogeneous multi-processors 289
Assignments 294
Optimization 297
Task level concurrency management 297
High-level optimizations 301
Floating-point to fixed-point conversion 301
Simple loop transformations 303
Loop tiling/blocking 305
Loop splitting 307
Array folding 309
Compilers for embedded systems 311
Introduction 311
Energy-aware compilation 312
Memory-architecture aware compilation 313
Reconciling compilers and timing analysis 322
Compilation for digital signal processors 324
Compilation for multimedia processors 326
Compilation for VLIW processors 327
Compilation for network processors 328
Compiler generation, retargetable compilers and design space exploration 329
Power Management and Thermal Management 329
Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) 329
Dynamic power management (DPM) 333
Assignments 334
Test 337
Scope 337
Test procedures 338
Test pattern generation for gate level models 338
Self-test programs 340
Evaluation of test pattern sets and system robustness 340
Fault coverage 340
Fault simulation 341
Fault injection 342
Design for testability 343
Motivation 343
Scan design 343
Signature analysis 345
Pseudo-random test pattern generation 346
The built-in logic block observer (BILBO) 347
Assignments 348
Integer linear programming 350
Kirchhoff's laws and operational amplifiers 352
References 357
About the Author 386
List of Figures 387
Index 394
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 16.11.2010 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Embedded Systems |
| Zusatzinfo | XXI, 400 p. |
| Verlagsort | Dordrecht |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Mathematik / Informatik ► Informatik ► Software Entwicklung |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie | |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| Schlagworte | Cyber-Physical Systems • Embedded Systems • Multi-Objective Optimization |
| ISBN-10 | 94-007-0257-4 / 9400702574 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-94-007-0257-8 / 9789400702578 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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