Water Resources Allocation (eBook)

Acknowledgments 7
Contents 9
Contributors 11
Chapter 1: Introduction 15
References 23
Chapter 2: Water Resources in Cyprus: Endowments and Water Management Practices 24
Introduction 24
The Availability of Water Resources 25
The Water Resources Balance 26
Groundwater Basins and Their Current Water Balance 27
Water Quality 28
Water Infrastructure in Cyprus 28
Surface Water 28
Inter-Basin Transfers 29
Other Major Irrigation Schemes 31
Seawater Desalination 32
Water Recycling 32
The Micro-Irrigation Program 32
Measures to Deal with Drought 33
Conclusions 33
References 34
Chapter 3: Water Use Patterns in Cyprus and Demand Management: Towards Water Resources Sustainability 35
Introduction 35
The Water Demand – Allocation and Use 37
Agricultural Water Use 38
Municipal Demand 41
Conclusions 42
References 43
Chapter 4: The Implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive in Cyprus 44
Introduction 45
A Primer on Water Framework Directive 45
Implementation Timetable 47
Conformity Assessment and Future Challenges in Implementation of the WFD for Cyprus 47
Policy Recommendations Towards the Implementation of the WFD: Efficiency and Equity Issues 50
Future Benefits of the WFD to Cyprus and Conclusions 53
References 54
Chapter 5: Water Management: Administration and Legislation 55
Introduction 55
The Water Management Administration 56
The Existing Water Legislation 62
Recent Developments 63
Problems Encountered 64
Legal Problems 65
Past Institutional and Legislation Proposals 66
Recent Decisions and Actions Taken 67
Concluding Remarks 68
Appendix 1: Desciption of Water Related Laws in Cyprus 69
The Government Waterworks Law (Cap 341) 69
The Wells Law (Cap 351) 70
The Water Supply (Special Measures) Law 1964 70
Irrigation Divisions (Villages) Law (Cap 342) 70
The Irrigation Association Law (Cap 115) 71
The Water Supply (Municipal and Other Areas) Law (Cap 350) 71
Water (Domestic Purposes) Village Supplies Law (Cap 349) 71
The Villages (Administration and Improvement) Law (Cap 243) 71
Sewage and Drainage Law 1970 71
References 72
Chapter 6: Water Policy Networks: A New Form of Governance for Cyprus? The Case of Nicosia 74
Introduction 75
Water Resources and Cyprus 76
Nicosia: The Last Divided Capital 78
Policy Networks 80
How did Policy Networks Come About? 80
What is a Policy Network? 81
Analytical Tool, Method or Theory? 83
Characteristics: Qualities and Shortcomings 84
Sectors of Cooperation on Water Resource Management Between the Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot Communities 85
The Nicosia Sewage Water Treatment Plant 85
Description of the Nicosia Sewage Treatment Plant 87
Co-operation on Potable Water 88
The Nicosia Master Plan 89
Policy Networks in Nicosia 91
Conclusion 93
References 94
Chapter 7: The Economics of Water Resource Allocation: Valuation Methods and Policy Implications 97
Introduction 97
Balancing the Demands for Water Resources: The Methodology 98
The Management Unit: Watershed 99
The Allocation Objectives 99
Stage I of Methodology: Objective Approach to Balancing Water Demands 100
Stage II of Methodology: Policy Impact Analysis 100
Case Study: Kouris Watershed in Cyprus 102
Overview of Human and Physical Aspects: Hydrology and Water Supply 102
Sectoral Water Consumption 102
The Water Balance, Rights to Resources and Institutional Background 103
The Need for a Policy Change 105
Applying the Principles to the Kouris Watershed 105
Background to the Kouris Watershed 105
Stage 1: The Evaluation of Water Demand in Cyprus 107
Household Demand Assessment 107
Estimating the Scarcity Value of Groundwater: Quantity 109
Estimating the Scarcity Value of Groundwater: Quality 111
Estimation of the Marginal Value of Water and Risk Preferences in Agriculture 111
Environmental Water Demand 112
Balancing Values: Policy for Implementing Optimal Allocation 113
Stage II: Policy Impact Analysis 113
Equity: The Welfare Impacts of Water Pricing Policy 113
Risk: The Impact of Water Pricing on Variability 114
Hydrology: Conjoined Water Resources, Externalities and Market Failures 114
Legislative and Institutional Analysis 115
Conclusion 116
Appendix 116
Terminology 116
Valuation Methods 117
References 117
Chapter 8: Integrated Water Resources Planning in Cyprus 118
Water Resources Assessment 119
Water Sources (Water Supply) 119
Water Sinks (Water Demand) 122
Water Demand Management 124
Status of Water Legislation and Institutions 124
A New Water Policy 124
Objectives and Measures of the New Water Policy 125
Strategy for Additional Water Supplies 126
Water Demand Management and Efficient Use of Water 128
Water Shortages Under the New Plan 129
Conclusions 130
References 131
Chapter 9: Water Pricing Policy in Cyprus: The Implications of the Water Framework Directive 132
Introduction 132
Water Tariffs Methodology 133
Existing and Future Tariffs 135
Domestic Water Tariffs 135
Irrigation Tariffs 136
Other Water Tariffs 137
Recycled Water Tariffs 138
Desalinated Water Tariffs 138
Effects of Water Prices on Consumption 139
Pricing in the European Union 140
Water Pricing in Cyprus and the EU 140
Conclusions 145
References 145
Chapter 10: Water Resources Management and Wetland Conservation: The Case of Akrotiri Wetland in Cyprus 147
Introduction 147
Capturing the Value of Wetlands for Policy Purposes 150
Case Study on Akrotiri Wetland 152
The Contingent Valuation Survey 153
Results 155
Policy Implications and Conclusions 157
Annex I: Technical Notes on the CVM 158
Annex II: Technical Notes on the CV Survey on the Akrotiri Wetland 160
References 160
Chapter 11: Facing the Future: Concluding Remarks 162
Introduction 162
A Proposal for a Holistic Water Management in Cyprus 163
Cyprus as a Single River Basin 165
References 167
Index 168