New Space Race: China vs. USA (eBook)
256 Seiten
Praxis (Verlag)
978-1-4419-0880-3 (ISBN)
The world's most populous nation views space as an asset, not only from a technological and commercial perspective but also from a political one. The repercussions of this ideology already extend far beyond Washington. China vs. the United States explores future Chinese aspirations in space and the implications of a looming space race.
Dr. Seedhouse provides background information on the fifteen-year history of the China National Space Administration and its long list of accomplishments. Sino-U.S. technological and commercial interests in space are discussed, including their interest in encouraging a potential space race. The national security objectives of the U.S. and China are also examined.
The world's most populous nation views space as an asset, not only from a technological and commercial perspective, but also from a political and militaristic one. The repercussions of this ideology already extend far beyond Washington. China vs. United States offers a glimpse of future Chinese aspirations in space and the politico-militaristic implications of a looming space race, and explains why an interplanetary spaceship called the Tsien Hsue Shen might one day travel to the outer planets. Until China successfully launched taikonauts into orbit, China's space program had attracted little international attention. The book opens with an analysis of the short fifteen-year history of the China National Space Administration and its long list of accomplishments. Chapter 2 assesses Sino-U.S. technological and commercial interests in space and their implications in fuelling a potential space race. The national security objectives of the U.S. and China are examined, showing how their intentions are increasingly leading to the military integration of space technologies. Chapter 3 describes China's anxieties about U.S. space power, its obsession with national prestige, and how manned spaceflight is viewed as a crucial element to sustain the legitimacy of the Communist Party. China is currently focusing on similar goals to those of NASA's Constellation Program - lunar and Mars exploration. The following chapter examines the ambitious plans of both nations, and evaluates whether China's bold goal of landing taikonauts on the Moon by 2020 is matched by the necessary capability. In Chapter 5 Dr Seedhouse describes the space hardware being developed by the U.S. and China and the strides taken by China in its attempt to match the technological capability of the U.S. The following chapter provides an overview of China's introductory manned spaceflights and shows how, despite a lack of experience, the Chinese may soon be in a position to challenge the U.S. in a race to the Moon. In Chapter 7, the author discusses how China's manned space program can boost the country's international prestige and also examines the notion of manned spaceflight as a risky way to boost national status and the potential implications of a disaster akin to Challenger and Columbia.Chapter 8 addresses the questions of alliances and cooperation between NASA and ESA and China and Russia, or, alternatively, the U.S. and China pursuing their space ambitions alone. The implications of each way forward in the context of a looming competition in space are considered. Chapter 9 discusses the repercussions of a Chinese space program overtaking NASA and whether the U.S. has the political will to advance its own space program to prevent its position as sole space superpower being usurped. Given the mutual suspicions existing in both countries, it is perhaps inevitable that Washington and Beijing are on a collision course in space. The final chapter describes the implications of such a confrontation and discusses what, if anything, can be done to avert a new space race.
Table of contents
5
Preface
10
Acknowledgments
13
About the author
14
Figures
16
Tables
19
Panels
21
Abbreviations
22
Section I High Frontier Politics 27
1.Rising dragon
28
THE WHY AND HOW OF CHINA'S LONG MARCH INTO SPACE
28
THE WHY
28
China's motivation
30
Redressing the balance
30
International prestige
32
Nationalism
32
Economy
33
Scientific and technological advancement
34
Prolitical progression
34
International relations
35
Social and cultural
35
The strategic high ground
36
The real why of China's spaceflight program
37
THE HOW
37
The Mao Zedong era
37
Tsien Hsue-shen: the father of China's space program
38
The route to China's first manned space program
38
Dongfanghong-1
40
Deng Xiaoping's e
40
Developing the Long March launch vehicle
40
Setbacks
40
Project 921
41
Project 921 hardware acwuisition
42
Debut of the Shenzhou capsule
42
Astronaut training
42
Unmanned missions
44
Manned missions
45
SUMMARY
46
REFERENCES
47
2 US and Chinese space policy
48
THE CONDUCT OF NATIONAL SPACE ACTIVITIES IN THE PURSUIT OF HIGH AMBITION
48
US SPACE POLICY
48
Principles of US space policy
48
Polycy goals and guidelines
51
The role of science and engineering
51
The problems of ITAR
53
National security space guidelines 55
Achieving national defense policy objectives
55
Civil space policy
56
Commercial space guidelines
57
International space cooperation
60
Space nuclear power
60
Radio frequency spectrum and orbit management and interference protection
60
Orbital debris
61
Analysis of US space policy
62
CHINESE SPACE POLICY
64
Overview of China's space policy
65
Forces influencing China's space policy
65
China's strategy
66
Five-Year plans
66
White Papers
67
Manned spaceflght
70
Science and technology
70
Satellite export
71
Cooperation
71
Economic effects
72
China's space policy analyzed
72
US and China's space strategies
72
REFERENCES 73
Section II Dark Arena 74
3 Space warfare doctrine
76
FOUR SCHOOLS OF SPACE DOCTRINE
77
Sanctuary school
78
Survivability school
79
Domination 80
Control
81
ENFORCING A SPACE POWER DOCTRINE
81
Logistical structure
81
Manned capability
82
Space surveillance system
82
Space weapons
82
Organizational
82
SPACE WARFARE 84
Elements of space warfare
84
Space force support
84
Space force enhancement
87
Space control
89
Space force application
90
US SPACE WARFARE DOCTRINE
90
US objectives in space warfare
90
Politics of space superiority
91
The right to act
92
Protecting space assets
92
Avoiding arms control limitations
93
Other limitations
94
Obama's space defense plans
95
CHINA'S SPACE WARFARE DOCTRINE
96
Code red? China's anti-satellite test
97
China's counterspace doctrine
98
Asymmetric advantage 99
Defending the high ground
100
Deciphering intent 100
REFERENCES
101
4 Military space assets
103
SINO-US MILITARY SPACE CAPABILITIES
103
The first space war
104
What constitutes a space weapon?
105
Definition of a "space weapon"
105
Space weapon-enabling technologies
107
The battlefield in space
107
OVERVIEW OF SINO-US MILITARY SPACE CAPABILITIES
108
United States
108
China
110
CURRENT AND FUTURE CHINESE AND US SPACE WEAPONS 111
Space transportation
111
Us launch vehicle
111
China's launch vehicles
116
Satellite operations/Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT)
116
Command, control and communications (C3)
118
Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
119
Environmental monitoring
120
Space control and force application
120
Microsatellites
120
FALCON 120
Parasitic satellites
121
Kinetic-energy weapons
121
Kinetic-energy anti-satellites
122
Ballistic missile defense system
122
Non-directional attacks 124
The Blackout Bomb
124
Directed-energy weapons
127
Assassin's Mace
128
Consequences of US and Chinese space weapons
128
The case for China
129
The case for the US
129
Arms race inevitability
130
REFERENCES
130
5 Exploding China's dreams
131
HOW THE US WILL MAINTAIN SPACE DOMINANCE
131
Pursuit of US space dominance
132
The Air Force Space Command Strategic Master Plan 132
Shaping the space environment 133
Us asymmetric advatage and vulnerability
134
Chinese counterspace reaction
135
Counterspace consequences
136
Consequence of counter-counterspace operations
137
WINNING AND LOSING A WAR IN SPACE
138
How China would lose a war in space
138
First strike
138
Geostationary satellites
140
Pre-emption
140
Consequences
141
How China would win a war in space
141
Pre-emption
141
Reactive satellite maneuver
143
The weakness of GPS
143
Cold reality of space
143
Commanding the futere
144
Onerous responsibility
146
REFERENCES
147
Section III The Second Space Race
148
6 Chinese and American space exploration programs
153
THE VISION FOR SPACE EXPLORATION
153
Constellation overview
154
Hardware
154
Realizing the VSE: commissioning the Exploration Systems Architecture Study
155
EXPLORATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE STUDY CHARTER
156
Exploration Systems Architecture Study Ground Rules and Assumptions
156
Exploration Systems Architecture Study tasks
157
Mission architecture overview 157
Design Reference Missions overvew
158
DRM: transportation of astronauts to and from the ISS
158
DRM: transportation of unpressutized cargo to the ISS
158
DRM: Transportation of pressurized cargo to and from the ISS
158
DRM: manned lunar mission with cargo
158
DRM: cargo transportation to lunar surface
159
DRM: outpost mission with crew and cargo
159
THE CONSTELLATION PROGRAM
160
Rationale for returning to the Moon
161
Science
161
Technology
162
Exploration and exploitation
162
US motivations for realizing the vision
162
The columbia effect
162
The Chinese motive
163
Financial obstacles
163
The true cost of Orion and Ares
163
Reducing costs
164
Ares I schedule pressures
164
Orion/Are I schedule pressures
164
Test facilities
165
Technology and hardwar gaps
165
NASA's challenging transition
166
CHINA'S MANNED SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM
167
Manned spaceflight philosophy
167
Review of China's manned space program
168
Future Five-Year Plans
168
Manned lunar mission
168
Lunar precursor missions
169
Tiangong mission sequence
169
Mission timelines
170
Long March-5
170
China's lunar program
170
National rivalries
173
REFERENCES
173
7 Current and future hardware
174
NASA'S HARDWARE
174
Constellation hardware
175
Ares I and Ares V
175
AresI 175
Ares I nominal mission profile
176
Ares test flights
177
Ares I and V propulsion
178
Ares V
179
Ares V concept of operations
179
Ares V elements
179
Altair
181
Altair concept of operations
181
Orion
183
Orion systems and subsystems
183
Vehicle communication
186
Orion's avionics
186
Environmental control and life support system
186
Active thermal control system
187
Parachute and landing system
187
Service module
187
Spacecraft adapter
189
Launch Abort System
189
Orion abort modes
189
Space suit systems
189
CHINESE HARDWARE
191
Long March launch vehicles
191
Long March-2F
191
Design
192
Long March 2F|H
192
Long March-5
194
Long March-5 design
194
Vehicle configuration
195
Shenzhou spacecraft
195
Shenzhou modules
196
Orbital module
197
Re-entry module
197
Service module
199
Space suit systems
201
Orlan space suit
201
An assessment of China's current space technology capabilities
202
8 Manned spaceflight experience
203
CHINA'S MANNED SPACEFLIGHT EXPERTISE
204
Taikonauts and Yuhangyuans
204
Chronology of China's manned spaceflights
204
Shen
204
Shenzhou 5 crew
206
Shenzhou 5 flight
207
Political outcome
207
Shenzhou 6
208
Shenzhou 6 Crew
209
Shenzhou 6 Flight
209
Political outcome
210
Shenzhou 7
211
Shenzhou 7 crew
211
Flight
212
US MANNED SPACEFLIGHT EXPERTISE
214
A brief history of notable spaceflights
214
Project Mercury
214
Project Gemini
215
Apollo Program
215
Skylab
216
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
216
Space Shuttle Program
217
Highlights of the Space Shuttle Program
218
International Space Station 10th anniversary
222
Anatomy of a Space Shuttle mission: STS-116
222
Future of American manned spaceflight
224
Section IV Why Cooperation Won't Work and Why a New Space Race is Looming 227
9 The case for and against collaboration with China
228
CHINA'S COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS
229
DANGERS OF COLLABORATION
230
China's ASAT test
230
The prohibitive cost of collaboration
231
Diplomacy in orbit has no effect on Earth
231
Technology transfer
232
BARRIERS TO COLLABORATION
232
Moral compromise
232
Lack of transparency
233
ALTERNATIVE FUTURES: COOPERATING WITH CHINA
234
Unpredicted outcomes
234
Avoiding a descent into space warfare
234
Space cooperation mechanisms
235
COLLABORATION REALITY
236
Sidelining China
236
US dominance in space
236
REFERENCES
237
10 The imminent space race
238
THE NEW MANNED SPACE RACE
238
How China's manned space program may fuel a new race
239
Acquiring soft power
239
Maintaining leadership in space
239
Predicting the future
240
China's near-future manned spaceflight activities
240
Planning for the new space race
241
Space race inevitability
241
THE NEW ARMS RACE IN SPACE
242
China's military space plans
242
The soft kill doctrine
242
Schriever I and the Taiwan issue
243
China's threat to the US
244
The case against an arms race in space
245
The case for an arms race in space
245
Financing the new race in space
247
Consequences of an arms race in space
248
Dawn of the new space race
248
REFERENCES
249
Appendix I 250
ORBITS
250
Geostationary orbits
250
Polar orbits
250
Sun synchronous orbits
251
Inclined orbits
251
Appendix II
252
OUTER SPACE TREATY
252
Article I
252
Article II
253
Article III
253
Article IV 253
Article V
253
Article VI
253
Appendix III
257
SPACE WEAPON TECHNOLOGY AND PROGRAMS
257
Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense
257
Common Aero Vehicle/Hypersonic Technology Vehicle
257
Defence Support Program
258
Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology space vehicle
258
Escort satellites
258
Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle
258
Experimental Spacecraft System-11 (XSS-11
259
Force Application and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON)
259
Ground-based Midcourse Defense system
259
Kinetic Enegry Interceptor
260
Lightweight Exoatmospheric Projectile Program
260
Miniature Kill Vehicle
260
Multiple Kill Vehicle Payload System
261
Nanosatellites/Miniature Spacecraft
261
Near Field Infrared Experiment
261
Operationally Responsive Spacelift
261
Orbital Boost Vehicle
262
Sea-based Midcourse Defense system
262
Small Launch Vehicle 262
Space-Based Infrared System 262
Space-Based Surveillance System
263
Space Tracking and Surveillance System
263
Standard Missile-3
263
Index
265
Keine Leseprobe verfügbar
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 6.4.2010 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Space Exploration | Springer Praxis Books |
| Zusatzinfo | 256 p. 81 illus., 29 illus. in color. |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Astronomie / Astrophysik |
| Technik ► Fahrzeugbau / Schiffbau | |
| Technik ► Luft- / Raumfahrttechnik | |
| Schlagworte | Chang'e lunar orbiter • China space policy • Chinese Lunar Exploration Program • Chinese space exploration • Chinese Space Program • Chinese space technology • Chinese spacewalk • Sino-U.S. relations • Spaceflight |
| ISBN-10 | 1-4419-0880-3 / 1441908803 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-4419-0880-3 / 9781441908803 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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