Magnetic Microscopy of Nanostructures (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 13
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 17
1 Imaging Magnetic Microspectroscopy 18
1.1 Microspectroscopy and Spectromicroscopy – An Overview 19
1.2 Basics 23
1.3 About Doing XMCD-PEEM Microspectroscopy 28
1.4 Specific Examples 32
1.5 Summary and Outlook 40
References 41
2 Study of Ferromagnet-Antiferromagnet Interfaces Using X- Ray PEEM 46
2.1 Introduction 46
2.2 Photoemission Electron Microscopy 48
2.3 Antiferromagnetic Structure of LaFeO3 Thin Films 54
2.4 Exchange Coupling at the Co/NiO(001) Interface 58
2.5 Summary 64
References 65
3 Time Domain Optical Imaging of Ferromagnetodynamics 68
3.1 Introduction 68
3.2 Instrumentation 71
3.3 Representative Results in Thin Film Microstructures 78
3.4 Conclusion and Outlook 81
References 82
4 Lorentz Microscopy 84
4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Experimental Requirements 85
4.3 Basic Theory 87
4.4 Imaging Modes in Lorentz Microscopy 88
4.5 Application to Spin-Valves and Spin Tunnel Junctions 99
4.6 Summary and Conclusions 102
References 102
5 Electron Holography of Magnetic Nanostructures 104
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 Basis of Electron Holography 106
5.3 Applications to Magnetic Materials 112
5.4 Magnetic Nanostructures 114
5.5 Outlook 123
References 124
6 SPLEEM 127
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Physical Basis of Beam-Specimen Interactions 128
6.3 Experimental Setup and Procedure 135
6.4 Applications 139
6.5 Summary 149
References 150
7 SEMPA Studies of Thin Films, Structures, and Exchange Coupled Layers 153
7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 Instrumentation 155
7.3 Case Studies 164
7.4 Conclusions 180
References 180
8 Spin-SEM of Storage Media 184
8.1 Introduction 184
8.2 HDD Recording Media 185
8.3 Obliquely Evaporated Recording Media 187
8.4 Magneto-Optical Recording Media 191
8.5 Concluding Remarks 193
References 194
9 High Resolution Magnetic Imaging by Local Tunneling Magnetoresistance 196
9.1 Introduction 196
9.2 Experimental Setup 200
9.3 Magnetic Switching and Magnetostriction of the Tip 202
9.4 Magnetic Imaging of Ferromagnets 204
9.5 Magnetic Susceptibility 210
9.6 The Contrast Mechanism 211
9.7 Conclusions and Outlook 215
References 216
10 Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy 218
10.1 Introduction 218
10.2 Experimental Setup 220
10.3 Experiments on Gd(0001) 221
10.4 Domain and Domain-Wall Studies on Ferromagnets 225
10.5 Surface Spin-Structure Studies of Antiferromagnets 230
Conclusions 237
References 237
11 Magnetic Force Microscopy: Images of Nanostructures and Contrast Modeling 239
11.1 Introduction: The Magnetic Force Microscope 239
11.2 Principle of MFM 240
11.3 Gallery of Nanostructures MFM Images 244
11.4 MFM Contrast in Absence of Perturbations 248
11.5 MFM Contrast in the Presence of Perturbations 256
11.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 262
References 263
12 Magnetic Force Microscopy – Towards Higher Resolution 266
12.1 Principle of MFM 266
12.2 MFM in Magnetic Data Storage Research 276
12.3 Limits of Resolution in MFM 278
12.4 Tip-Sample Distance Control 286
12.5 Tips 289
References 295
13 Scanning Probe Methods for Magnetic Imaging 297
13.1 General Strategies in Scanning Probe Microscopy 298
13.2 Probe-Sample Interactions Suitable for Magnetic Imaging 299
13.3 Scanning Near-Field Magneto-optic Microscopy 302
13.4 Scanning SQUID Microscopy 304
13.5 Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy 312
13.6 Conclusions and Outlook 316
References 317
Index 320