Precision Spectroscopy in Astrophysics (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Participants 16
I Abundances and Isotopes 21
Lithium Isotopic Abundances in Stars 22
1 Determination of the Li Isotope Ratio 22
2 Lithium in Metal-poor Halo Stars 25
3 Search for 26
in Planet-hosting Stars 26
4 The Need for New Instrumentation 27
References 27
Lithium Isotopic Abundances in Old Stars 28
1 Introduction 28
2 Data and Analysis 29
3 Isotopic Abundance Ratios and Our Best Guess Fit 30
References 31
Accurate Quantitative Spectroscopy of OB Stars: the H, He and C Spectrum 33
1 Introduction 33
2 Model Calculations 34
3 Observations and Analysis 34
4 Results for the Programme Stars 34
5 Conclusions 36
References 36
High Resolution Spectroscopy of HgMn stars: A Time of Surprises 37
References 38
High-resolution Spectroscopy of Faint Stars with Transiting Planets 39
1 Introduction 39
2 Results 40
References 42
First Resolved Narrow Line Pro.les in Ultracool Dwarfs 43
1 Introduction 43
2 Zeeman Splitting 44
3 Very Slow Rotation – The Rising Part of the Rotation Activity Connection in M- dwarfs 44
References 46
Physical Parameters of Evolved Stars in Clusters and in the Field from Line- depth Ratios 47
1 Introduction 47
2 Star Samples 48
3 E.ective Temperature Determination 48
4 Color Excess of IC 4651 49
5 Conclusion 50
References 50
UVES and CRIRES Spectroscopy of AGB Stars: Technetium and the Third Dredge- up 52
1 Introduction 52
2 UVES Observations 53
3 CRIRES Observations 54
References 55
Characterisation of the Ursa Major Group 56
1 Introduction 56
2 Observations, Data Reduction and Analysis 56
3 Results and Discussion 57
4 Requests 58
5 Acknowledgements and Remarks 59
References 59
[C/O] Observations in Low-[Fe/H] Halo Stars 62
References 63
Oxygen Abundances in Metal-poor Stars, from [ OI], OI and IR OH Lines 64
1 Introduction 64
2 Observations 64
3 Analysis 64
4 Conclusions 65
References 67
Sulphur Abundances in Metal-poor Stars 68
1 Introduction 68
2 Observations of Sulphur Lines 68
3 Sulphur Abundances from UVES Spectra 69
4 Conclusions 70
References 71
Isotopic Abundances of Eu, Ba, and Sm in Metal- Poor Stars 72
1 Introduction 72
2 Observations and Analysis 72
3 Results 73
4 Conclusions 75
References 75
II QSO Absorption Lines 77
Gas-phase Deuterium Abundances, Near and Far 78
1 The Importance of Deuterium Abundances 78
2 Methods of Observing Atomic Deuterium 80
3 Lyman Series Absorptions 80
4 The Value of New Advances in Spectroscopy 83
References 83
Comprehensive Abundance Measurements in Damped Lya Systems 84
1 Introduction 84
2 Chemical Variations 85
3 Star Formation Histories 86
4 Future Prospects for DLAs with ELTs 87
References 87
Molecular Hydrogen at High Redshift and the Variation with Time of the Electron- to- proton Mass Ratio, µ = me/ mp 88
1 Introduction 88
2 High Metallicities and H2 Molecules 89
3 The Variation of µ 90
References 91
Spectroscopy of QSO Pairs 92
1 Introduction and Motivation 92
2 Absorber Sizes and Coherence Scales 93
3 The Properties of QSOs and Their Environments 96
References 97
Small-scale Structure of High-redshift OVI Absorption Systems 98
1 Outline and Results 98
References 99
Hot Halos around High-Redshift Galaxies 100
1 Introduction and Methods 100
2 Results and Conclusions 100
References 101
III Fundamental Constants 102
Astrophysical Probes of Fundamental Physics 103
1 Theoretical Expectations 103
2 From a and µ to w(z) 104
3 Conclusions 106
Acknowledgments 108
References 108
Revisiting VLT/UVES Constraints on a Varying Fine- structure Constant 109
1 Introduction 109
2 A Simple Measure of the Limiting Precision on . a/ a 109
3 Application to Existing Constraints on . a/ a 111
4 Conclusion 112
References 113
On the Variation of the Fine-structure Constant, and Precision Spectroscopy 114
1 Limits on the Variation of a using UVES/VLT Data 114
2 . a/ a Measurement and Precise Spectroscopy 115
References 117
High-Precision Measurements of . a/ a from QSO Absorption Spectra 118
1 Introduction 118
2 Results 119
References 121
Probing Fundamental Constant Evolution with Redshifted OH Lines 122
1 Introduction 122
2 Radio OH Lines 122
3 Conjugate Behaviour of the Satellite OH Lines 123
4 NewWSRT Results 124
References 125
A Molecular Probe of Dark Energy 126
1 Introduction 126
2 The Concept 126
3 Major Advances 127
4 Improvements in the Present Analysis 128
5 Future Prospects 129
References 129
IV Beyond Photon Noise 130
Establishing Wavelength Standards in the near Infra- red: Th- Ar 131
1 Wavelength Calibration in the Near Infra-Red and the Th- Ar hollow cathode lamp 131
2 Laboratory Work and Results 132
3 Additional Measurements 133
4 Summary 134
References 134
Atomic Data for Astrophysics - Parameters, Precision, Priorities 135
1 Introduction 135
2 Parameters 135
3 Energy Levels 136
4 Wavelengths 136
5 Oscillator Strengths 137
References 140
Optimal Extraction of Echelle Spectra 141
1 Introduction 141
2 Main Assumptions 141
3 Equations 141
4 Limitations, Generalization and Free Parameters 144
Reference 144
Hydrodynamical Model Atmospheres and 3D Spectral Synthesis 145
1 Radiation-hydrodynamics Modeling – Overview 145
2 High Precision Line Shifts from 3D Models? 146
3 3D Radiative Transfer in Metal-poor Atmospheres 148
4 3D Models and the Solar Oxygen Abundance 149
5 Remarks on Precision Spectroscopy and 3D Models 150
References 150
Intrinsic Lineshifts in Astronomical Spectra 151
1 Wavelength Shift vs. Radial Velocity 151
2 Convective Lineshifts in Stellar Photospheres 151
3 ‘Ultimate’ Information Content of Stellar Spectra 152
4 Wavelength Shifts from Intergalactic Convection 154
References 154
Study of Line Bisectors and its Relation with Precise Radial Velocities in the Search for Extrasolar Planets 155
1 Introduction 155
2 Analysis 155
3 Results 156
References 156
A Pan-Spectral Method of Abundance Determination 157
1 Description of the Method 157
2 Testing the Method 158
References 160
Spectroscopic Binary Mass Determination Using Relativity 161
1 Introduction 161
2 Single-Lined Spectroscopic Binary 161
3 Double-Lined Spectroscopic Binary 162
4 Discussion 163
References 164
Asteroseismology/Oscillations 165
Asteroseismology Across the HR Diagram 166
1 Introduction 166
2 Uncertainties in Stellar Structure and Evolution 168
3 Asteroseismic Constraints 169
4 Final Remarks 170
References 171
High-Precision Spectroscopy of Pulsating Stars 172
1 Line-Pro.le Variations due to Pulsations 172
2 Methodology for Line-Pro.le Analysis 173
3 Towards Lower Amplitudes 175
References 175
Mapping Atmospheric Motions in Classical and Type II Cepheids 176
1 Introduction 176
2 Observation and Data Reduction 176
3 Results 177
4 Simple Model Computation 178
5 Conclusions 179
References 179
Iron Abundances of Southern Double-mode Cepheids from High- resolution Echelle Spectroscopy 180
1 Introduction 180
2 Observations and Data Reduction 180
3 Results 181
References 183
V Planets 184
Radial Velocity Planet Detection using a Gas Absorption Cell 185
1 Introduction 185
2 Gas Absorption Cells as the Velocity Metric 186
3 Details of the Gas Cell Technique 186
4 Conclusions 190
References 190
Pushing Down the Limits of the Radial Velocity Technique 191
1 On the RV Precision of HARPS 191
2 Error Budget 193
3 A New ThAr Reference Atlas for Wavelength Calibration 193
4 Future Developments 194
References 194
Transiting Planets: Follow the FLAMES... 195
1 Introduction 195
2 Why a Spectroscopic Follow-up is Needed? 196
3 Main Results 197
4 Beyond the Follow-up 198
References 198
Planet Detection Around M Dwarfs: New Constraints on Planet Formation Models 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Planets Around M Dwarfs 201
3 Our HARPS and SOPHIE Programs 202
4 Habitability and Transits 203
References 204
Planets Around Giant Stars 206
1 Introduction 206
2 Properties of Planets Around Giant Stars 208
References 209
Planets Around Active Stars 210
1 Introduction 210
2 Observations 211
3 Stellar Activity 212
4 Planetary Companions and Future Works 212
References 213
A Catalogue of Nearby Exoplanets 214
1 Introduction 214
2 Data Reduction 215
References 215
Determination of the Orbital Parameters of a System with N + 1 Bodies using a Simple Fourier Analysis of the Data 216
1 Radial Velocity 216
2 Fourier Analysis 217
3 Conclusion 219
References 219
Extrasolar Comets 220
1 The Existence of Comets Around ß Pictoris 220
2 Solving the Stability of the Gaseous Disk 221
3 Two Families of Comets? 221
4 Conclusion 223
References 223
Measuring Winds in Titan’s Atmosphere with High- precision Doppler Velocimetry 224
1 Background 224
2 Observations 224
3 Analysis and Interpretation 225
References 227
VI Future Developments 228
The European Large Telescope and its Spectroscopic Instrumentation 229
1 The E-ELT Programme 229
2 Advantages of an ELT 230
3 Status of E-ELT Programme 231
4 Acknowledgements 234
References 234
CRIRES: A High Resolution Infrared Spectrograph for ESO’s VLT 235
1 Introduction 235
2 Main Characteristics of CRIRES 235
3 Example Spectra from Commissioning 237
4 Conclusions and Outlook 238
References 238
Stellar Oscillations Network Group: Asteroseismology and Planet Hunting 239
1 Introduction 239
2 Asteroseismology and Planets 239
3 Outline of SONG 240
4 Implementation 242
References 242
Interferometric Spectroscopy 243
1 Introduction 243
2 Astrophysics with Interferometric Spectroscopy 243
3 Implementation of Interferometric Spectroscopy 244
4 Conclusions 246
References 246
A Global Network of 2 m-class spectroscopic telescopes 247
1 Introduction 247
2 Network’s Sites 247
3 First Results 249
4 Conclusion 250
References 250
Possibility of Heterodyne Correlation Interferometry with a Tunable Laser and Absolute Frequency Measurements 251
1 Introduction 251
2 Astrophysical Lasers 251
3 Acknowledgements 253
References 253
CODEX 256
1 Why an Accurate H-R Spectrograph at ELT? 256
2 The CODEX Design 259
References 260
VII Posters 261
Precision Laboratory UV and IR Wavelengths for Cosmological and Astrophysical Applications 262
1 Introduction 262
2 Resonance UV Wavelengths for Cosmology 262
3 Parity Forbidden IR Wavelengths for Astrophysics 263
References 263
Abundance Analysis of a Centauri A 264
1 Introduction 264
2 The RHD Models, New [Fe/H] and Asteroseismology 264
References 265
The SB3 Star 74 Aqr: Abundances and Magnetic Field 266
1 The System 266
2 Magnetic Field 267
References 267
Nitrogen Isotope Ratios in Comets 268
References 269
Finding Stable Fits for Extrasolar Planetary Systems 271
References 271
Heavy Calcium in CP Stars: A New Isotopic Anomaly 273
1 Introduction 273
2 Details 273
References 274
The Li Abundance and the Age of AB Dor Association 275
1 Introduction 275
References 276
Si and Ca Abundances of a Selected Sample of Evolved Stars 277
1 Introduction 277
References 278
Abundance Trends with Condensation Temperature in Planet- harbouring Stars: Hints of Pollution? 279
1 Introduction 279
2 Results and Conclusions 280
Using the HeII Lya Forest to Constrain the Temperature of the IGM 281
1 Idea 281
2 Application to Data 282
References 282
Production of H+ 3 and D+ 3 from (CH3)2CO and (CD3)2CO in PDR’S 283
1 Introduction 283
2 Experimental Setup 283
3 Results and Discussion 284
References 285
Bisectors as Distance Estimators for Microquasars? 287
1 Scienti.c Context 287
2 New Exploratory Method to Obtain Distance Estimate 287
3 Known Caveats and Prospects 288
References 288
Metallicity of Pleiades Dwarf 289
1 Introduction 289
2 Observation and Results 290
References 290
Precision of Radial Velocity Surveys using Multiobject Spectrographs – Experiences with Hectochelle 291
1 The Hectochelle Instrument 291
2 The Multiobject Advantage — and Drawback 291
3 Key: Continuous Calibration and Optimal Extraction 292
References 293
High Resolution Study of the Young Quadruple System AOVel with an Eclipsing BpSi Primary 295
1 Introduction 295
2 Observations and Spectral Analysis 295
3 Results 295
References 296
A Survey for Extrasolar Planets Around A–F Type Stars 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Monitored Sample and Observations 297
3 The New Planet 298
4 Conclusions 298
References 298
A Study of the Magnetic Helium Variable Emission- line Star HD125823. 299
References 300
bHROS: The High-Resolution Optical Spectrograph at Gemini South 301
Stellar Wobble Caused by a Binary System: Investigation in the Framework of the General Three Body Problem 303
1 The Problem 303
2 Our Work - Some Results 303
3 Conclusion 304
References 304
The Chemical Composition of B-type Pulsators: Some Unexpected Results 305
1 B-type Pulsators and the Rationale of the Project 305
2 Nitrogen Excess in Slowly-rotating 306
Cephei Stars: 306
Deep Mixing or Di.usion? 306
3 Future Developments 306
References 306
Radial Velocity Precision in the Near-Infrared with T- EDI 307
1 The T-EDI Instrument 307
2 Photon-limited Radial Velocity Precision 308
References 308
HD154708 - The Challenging Abundance Analysis of an Extremely Magnetic Star 309
1 Observations 309
2 Abundance analysis 309
References 310
A Search for Disk-Locking in the Chamaeleon I Star Forming Region 311
1 Introduction 311
2 Observations and Analysis 311
References 312
A Precision Radial Velocity Survey of Red Giants 313
1 Motivation and Observations 313
2 The Survey 314
Acknowledgements 314
References 314
Chromospheric Lines as Diagnostics of Stellar Oscillations 315
1 Background 315
2 Observations 315
3 Conclusions 316
References 316
Comparing 3D Solar Model Atmospheres with Observations: Hydrogen Lines and Centre- to- limb Variations 317
References 318
Towards the Detection of Re.ected Light from Exo- planets: a Comparison of Two Methods 319
1 Introduction 319
2 Simulation and Conclusion 319
References 320
A Correlation Between the Activity Level and the Radial- velocity for Solar- type Stars?* 321
1 Introduction 321
2 Observations and Preliminary Results 321
References 322
Spectroscopic Parameters for a Sample of Metal- rich Solar- type Stars 323
1 Motivation 323
2 A New Sample of Metal-rich Stars 323
References 324
Radial Velocity Search for Extrasolar Planets in Binary Systems 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Observation and Our Target Stars 325
References 326
Inferring Photospheric Velocities from P Cygni Lines in Type IIP Supernova Atmospheres 327
1 Introduction 327
2 Model Computations 327
3 Results 328
References 328
High-resolution Spectroscopic Characterization of Young Stars 329
References 330
TIRAVEL – Template Independent RAdial VELocity Measurement 331
1 Introduction 331
2 TIRAVEL 331
3 Real Test Cases 332
4 Summary 332
References 332