Maritime Container Port Security (eBook)

Xufan Zhang is a Lecturer in International Logistics at Beijing WuZi University.Michael Roe holds the Chair in Maritime and Logistics Policy at Plymouth University, UK. He has extensive experience of working with maritime and logistics policy-makers across much of Europe, the Far East and the Middle East. Author of 14 books and editor of another five, Michael has published over 80 academic journal papers.

Maritime Container Port Security 2
Acknowledgements 6
Contents 8
Abbreviations 10
List of Figures 13
List of Tables 14
List of Equations 16
1 Introduction 17
References 24
2 Maritime Security Measures and the Container Security Initiative (CSI) 29
Development of Maritime Security 30
Maritime Security 33
Terrorism Threats 34
Container Cargo 35
Vessels 37
People 38
Financing and Logistics Support 38
Overview of Maritime Security Programmes 38
The Introduction of the CSI 40
US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) 40
The Establishment of the CSI 43
The CSI Strategic Goals and Core Elements 45
Joining the CSI 46
CSI Three Phases Implementation 49
The CSI Positive Implications for Seaborne Trade 52
Trade Facilitation 52
Establishment of a Collaborative Network 54
Maritime Security Measure’s Implications for the Maritime Sector 56
Financing and Costs Associated with Maritime Security Measures 57
Ex-Ante Costs Assessment 57
Ex-Post Costs Assessment 59
The Implications of CSI Compliance Cost for Different Stakeholders 60
Port Authorities 61
Carriers 62
Exporters 62
Operational and Logistical Efficiency 64
References 66
3 Port Competition 74
Port Competition 74
Container Port Competition and Port Competitiveness 76
Port Selection 80
Port Competition and Port Selection at Regional Level 81
Determinants of Port Competitiveness 83
Port Efficiency 85
Port Ownership Structure and Port Efficiency 87
Port Size and Port Efficiency 89
Port Service 89
Other Issues 91
References 92
4 Models of Container Port Security 101
Conceptual Model 101
Maritime Transport Risk Factors 103
Maritime Security Measures 104
Financing and Costs 105
Efficiency 105
The CSI and Its Controversial Effects 106
EU Container Seaport Competition 107
Conceptual Assumptions 109
Conceptual Category 1: The Necessity of Pursuing Maritime Security Initiatives 109
Conceptual Category 2: Introduction of the CSI and Its Controversial Influences 110
Conceptual Category 3: Determinants of EU Container Seaport Competitiveness 111
Conceptual Category 4: The Implications of the CSI for EU Container Seaport Competition 111
References 114
5 Research Methodology for Container Port Security 118
Research Strategy and Method 118
Research Methods and Port Competitiveness Studies 119
The Choice of Qualitative Approach for This Research 119
Primary and Secondary Data Collection 120
Rationale for Adopting a Delphi Technique as the Qualitative Approach 121
The Origins and Use of Delphi 123
Characteristics of the Delphi Technique 125
Types of Delphi 126
Delphi Method Adopted 128
The Criticisms of Delphi 128
The Delphi Study Process 129
Panellist Formation 132
Panellists with Different Backgrounds 132
Panel Size 133
Process of Panel Selection 134
Academic Panellist Selection 134
Industrial Panellist Selection 136
Administrative Panellist Selection 137
Other Issues in Delphi Design 138
Survey Method for Identification of EU Port Competitiveness 140
Delphi Conceptual Statements and Rationale 142
Delphi Conceptual Category, Assumption and Statements 143
Outlining Delphi Design and Process 151
Consensus Level 153
Average Percentage of Majority Opinions (APMO) 154
Research Ethics 156
References 157
6 The Delphi Research Process 169
Pilot Delphi Study 170
The Delphi Survey 171
Panel Participation 172
Size and Structure of Panel 173
Analysis of Delphi Round One 175
Consensus Reached After Round One 176
Reformulation of Statements for Delphi Round Two 178
S3 Original Statement 178
Reformulated Statement 178
Arguments 179
S4.1 Original Statement 179
Reformulated Statement 180
Arguments 180
S4.2 Original Statement 181
Reformulated Statement 181
Arguments 181
S4.4 Original Statement 182
Reformulated Statements 182
Argument 183
S4.5 Original Statement 183
Reformulated Statement 183
Arguments 184
S4.6 Original Statement 184
Reformulated Statement 185
Arguments 185
S5 Original Statement 185
Reformulated Statement 186
Arguments 186
Administration of Delphi Round Two 187
Response Rate Delphi Round Two 187
Analysis of the Responses to Delphi Round Two 188
Consensus Reached After Delphi Round Two 190
Reformulation of Statements for Delphi Round Three 190
S4.1 Original Statement 191
Arguments 191
Reformulated Statement 192
S4.2 Original Statement 192
Arguments 192
Reformulated Statement 193
S5 Original Statement 193
Arguments 193
Reformulated Statement 194
Administration of Delphi Round Three 194
Response Rates of Delphi Round Three 194
Analysis of the Responses to Delphi Round Three 195
Consensus Reached After Delphi Round Three 196
Statement Does Not Reach Consensus 196
References 198
7 The Delphi Results 199
Delphi Round One: Statements Reaching Consensus Level and Comments 199
Delphi Round Two: Statements Reaching Consensus Level and Comments 202
Delphi Round Three: Statements Reaching Consensus Level and Comments 205
The Revised Model 206
Conceptual Category 1: The Necessity of Pursuing a Maritime Security Initiative 207
Conceptual Category 2: Introduction of the CSI and Its Controversial Influences 207
Conceptual Category 3: Determinants of EU Container Seaport Competitiveness 207
Conceptual Category 4: Implications of Introduction of the CSI on EU Port Competition 208
8 The Implications for Container Port Security 209
Establishing the Methodological Rigour of the Delphi Method 210
Reliability 210
Validity 211
Content Validity 211
Criterion Validity 212
Construct Validity 213
Qualitative Research Trustworthiness Elements 213
Credibility 213
Transferability 216
Auditability: Dependability and Confirmability 216
Critical Analysis of the Implementation of Delphi 217
Justification of Panel Size and Response Rates 217
Advantages of the Delphi Study 219
Drawbacks of the Delphi Survey 219
The Necessity of Pursuing a Maritime Security Initiative 220
The Negativities of Maritime Security Measures 220
Maritime Security Measures—Current Implementation 221
Overestimation of Supply Chain Disruption 221
Compliance Costs Recuperation 222
Security Measures Compliance in Practice 223
Determinants of EU Container Seaport Competitiveness 224
Port Competitiveness Determinants Identified by the Literature Review 224
EU Container Seaport Competition and Influential Factors Suggested by the Delphi Results 225
‘5P’ Model Suggested by the Delphi for Port Selection 226
Port Security and Safety as Port Selection Intangible Criteria 227
The CSI and Its Controversial Influences 228
Improvement of Security Awareness 229
Container Security Initiative Collaborative Networking and Existing Issues 230
The Rationale of Information Sharing for the CSI 230
The Issues of Inequity Under CSI Bilateral Arrangement 231
Challenges Posed by Intelligence Sharing 231
Sovereignty and Administration Problems 232
The Implications of the CSI for EU Container Seaport Competition 235
Container Security Initiative and 24-Hour Rule Costs Recuperation 235
Initial Cost: Government and Port Authority Responsibility 235
EU Container Seaport Security Cost Recuperation and Revenue Generation 236
Carrier’s 24-Hour Rule Cost Recuperation 240
Container Security Initiative Compliance and Port Productivity 242
The CSI—Positive Effects on Trade Facilitation 244
Container Security Initiative—Implications for Small Ports 245
References 246
9 Maritime Governance, Security Measures and Port Competition in the EU 253
Economic Liberalism and Rationality 256
Maritime Governance and Security Measures 257
Hegemony in Maritime Governance and Maritime Security 257
EU Port Governance and Management 259
EU Port Ownership and Governance 260
Public–Private Ownership and Maritime Security 261
Container Security Initiative Participation in EU Port Ranges 263
Vertical Integration of Logistics and Port Function 266
Principal–Agent Relation and Asymmetric Information 267
References 269
10 Conclusions for Container Port Security 273
Realisation of the Research Aim and Objectives 273
Objective 1: To Review Earlier Work on Maritime Security and EU Container Seaport Competition 273
Objective 2: To Review the Various Port Security Regulations of the USA, Focusing on the CSI Programme and the Existing Debate Over Implications 274
Objective 3: To Identify the Determinants of EU Container Port Competitiveness 275
Research Objective 4: To Investigate the Effects of the CSI on EU Container Seaport Competition 276
CSI Compliance Cost 276
Port Productivity and Logistics Efficiency 277
Implications for EU Container Port Competition 278
Objective 5: To Propose a Sustainable Solution to Existing Issues Discovered on Maritime Security 279
Issue 1: Substantial Liability Issue 280
Issue 2: Collaboration Network Under Current Bilateral Regimes 280
Solution: Supply Chain Security Integration and Multilateral Regimes 281
Implementation Considerations 282
Stakeholder Participation and Commitment 282
Cost Issue 283
The Future 283
References 285
Index 287