Smart Cities (eBook)

Professor Stan McClellan is the Director of the Ingram School of Engineering at Texas State University, where he is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and researches advanced communication & networking technologies. Dr. McClellan has held notable positions in the commercial, military/aerospace, and academic industries, including Hewlett Packard, ZNYX Networks, SBE, Inc., General Dynamics, LTV Aerospace, and Rockwell International. He served as chief technologist, chief architect, or lead engineer for several distributed real-time systems, developing technologies including real-time interactive telepathology, highly available systems for telecommunications networks, real-time flight simulators using reconnaissance imagery, and a flight-worthy digital terrain system for the AFTI/F-16 testbed aircraft. He has also served as a technology & business consultant for commercial entities including BellSouth, Motorola, Cisco, 3Com, Newbridge/Alcatel, BNR/Nortel, Network Equipment Technologies (NET), MCI/Worldcom, LSU Medical Center, and others. Most recently, Dr. McClellan was a founder and Chief Technology Officer for a startup company in the Smart Grid space, where he developed a revolutionary approach to Smart Grid systems using advanced signal processing, on-wire communications, and a sophisticated system architecture incorporating endpoint mobility, autonomous device registration, and command/control capability. As the author of numerous peer-reviewed technical publications and US/international patents, Dr. McClellan is an expert in networking and distributed system optimization, particularly for voice/video transport with quality of service constraints (QoS). He has made invited contributions to well-known references including Advances in Computers, The IEEE/CRC Electrical Engineering Handbook, and The Encyclopedias of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Dr. Jesus Jimenez is an Associate Professor in the Ingram School of Engineering at Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas. Dr. Jimenez received his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona in 2006. He has research interests in sustainable production systems and supply chains, as well as in data-intensive analysis and simulation, and in modeling and analysis of manufacturing systems. Due to his emphasis in applied research, Dr. Jimenez has collaborations with several manufacturing companies. His research has been funded by state and federal agencies, such as the US Department of Agriculture, the US Department of Education, and Texas SECO, as well as by companies such as 3M, Lanner Group, SEMATECH, and Simio. Dr. Jimenez has more than 20 publications, including journal papers and conference articles. His research has been published in the IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, International Journal of Production Research, and the Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings, among others. Dr. George Koutitas George Koutitas is an academic and entrepreneur in Wireless Networks and Smart Grids. He received the B.Sc. degree in Physics from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece, 2002 and the M.Sc. degree (with distinction) in Mobile and Satellite Communications from the University of Surrey UK, 2003. During his studies, he received the “Nokia Prize” and “Advisory Board Prize” 2003 for the best overall performance and best MSc Thesis. He defended his Ph.D. in radio channel modeling at the Centre for Communications Systems Research (CCSR) of the University of Surrey in2007 under a full scholarship (EPSRC). His main research interests are in the area of Wireless Communications (modeling and optimization), Energy Efficient Networking and Smart Grids. He is involved in research activities concerning energy efficient network deployments and design, Green IT and sensor networks/actuators for smart grid applications. He is also the founder of Gridmates, a Transactive Energy Platform designed to end energy poverty. Currently, he is a postdoc researcher at the University of Thessaly (Dept. Computer Engineering and Telecommunications) and a visiting professor at Texas State University.

Contents 5
Abstract 7
Vision & Reality
1 Smart Cities: Vision on-the-Ground 9
Introduction 9
Vision 10
The Role of the Private Sector, Universities, and Nonprofits 11
Private Sector 11
Universities 12
Nonprofits 12
Smart Technologies: Generating and Consuming Data 12
Austin, Texas: A Smart City 13
Smart City Imperatives 13
Three Dimensions of Smart: Projects, Policies, and Language 14
Smart Projects 14
Smart Policies: A Smart Kiosk Example 17
Smart Language: Assets, Valuations, Cost and Projects 17
Data as an Asset 18
Assigning Costs to the Data Assets 19
Designating and Measuring the Value Returned from the Asset 19
Attaching the Data Assets to Projects 19
Do Not Forget to Consider the Data Market 20
Conclusion 20
References 20
2 Funding a Smart City: From Concept to Actuality 22
Introduction 22
Creating the Smart City Vision 23
Location, Location, Location 24
What Are the Long-Term Visions of a Smart City Program? 24
Who Are the Stakeholders? 25
Understanding “Lighthouse” Projects 25
Smart City Project Considerations 26
Planning a Realistic Path to Reach the Vision 27
Funding Sources: Lighthouse Projects and Smart City Programs 27
Government-Level Funding 28
Local-Level Funding 29
Community-Focused Funding 29
Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) 29
Loans and Municipal Bonds 30
Private Funding 30
User Charges and Pay for Performance 31
Smart City Challenges and Competitions 31
Stay Creative and Vigilant for New Funding Sources 32
Matching Project Elements with Accessible Funding Sources 33
Specific Project Components 33
Clustering Entire Program Elements 34
The Social, Environmental, and Economic Values 34
Prioritize Projects and Design Your Funding Approach Using an AFM: Accessible Funding Matrix 36
Aligning Deadlines, Awards, and Project Pacing 37
Proposing with Project Pacing in Mind 38
Aligning Project Scopes with a Realistic Funding Source 38
Cost–Benefit Analysis: Definition and Importance to the Smart Project 38
Funding Management 40
Conclusion 42
References 43
3 The System Complexities of Smart Cities and the Systems Approach for Standardization 45
Evolution of the Element 45
The Evolution of an Element to a Complex System 46
From Meter to Smart Grid to Smart City 47
Role of Standards Within Smart Cities and Other Complex Systems 48
SDOs on Systems 49
Systems Approach 51
Collaboration, Traceability, and Iteration 52
Concluding Remarks 53
References 54
Technology & Architecture
4 The Smart Grid: Anchor of the Smart City 56
Introduction 56
Existing Architecture 57
Players, Regions, and Markets 57
Network Architecture 58
Drawbacks of the Existing Power Grid 59
Evolution Toward a Smarter Grid 60
Utility of the Future 61
Utility Customer Beyond 2020 62
Smart Grid Elements 62
Standards 65
Transition to an Application Development Platform 68
Open Data 69
Cloud-Based Services 70
Evolution of Customer-Centric Services 71
Transactive Grids 73
Energy in the Sharing Economy 73
Transactive Energy Modes and the New Roles 73
Smart Citizens in the Smart Grid 75
Conclusion 76
References 76
5 The Internet of Things: Nervous System of the Smart City 78
The Internet of Things 78
Challenges of IoT 78
System Issues 79
Application Requirements 79
Power Consumption 80
Sensor Nodes 82
Testing Sensors in IoT Devices 82
Working Toward Industry-Wide Solutions 83
Successful Testing 84
Battery Life 86
Challenges of IoT Battery Drain Analysis (BDA) 86
Low-Level Current Measurement 86
High Dynamic Range Current Measurement 87
High Bandwidth Current Measurements 87
Effects of Firmware Decisions on Battery Life 87
Instruments Used for Battery Drain Analysis 88
Digital Multimeters 88
Oscilloscopes and Current Probes 88
DC Power Analyzers 89
Precision Source/Measure Units 89
Device Current Waveform Analyzers 89
Software Tools for BDA 89
Complementary Current Distribution Function (CCDF) 90
Automatic Current Profile 90
Additional Considerations 92
Temperature Considerations 92
Architectural Optimization 92
MCU Firmware Programming 93
Energy Harvesting 93
Narrowband IoT: Overview and Test Challenges 93
Overview and Key Parameters 94
Design and Test Challenges 95
Reliability 95
Coverage 95
Battery Life 96
Feature Enhancements 96
Positioning Technology 96
Other Enhancements 98
Conclusion 98
References 98
6 The Cloud: A Critical Smart City Asset 100
Introduction 100
Architecture of the Cloud 101
Security 101
Scalability 102
Reliability 104
Performance 105
Power 106
Conclusion 107
References 107
Transportation Considerations 109
7 Transportation Electrification 110
Introduction 110
BENEFITS: The Smart City Business Case for Transportation Electrification 110
Cleaner Air and Climate Protection 111
Affordability 111
Supports Grid Reliability and Renewable Energy 113
SOLUTIONS: Smart City Transportation Electrification Projects and Programs 114
Providing Public Charging Stations 114
Ensure Affordable Electric Fuel Costs 116
Launch an Outreach/Marketing Campaign 116
Partner with Auto Dealerships and Manufacturers 117
Integrate Electric Vehicles into the Grid 117
Support EV Adoption of Transportation Network Companies (TNC) and Taxi Fleets 118
Support Autonomous Vehicles and Their Electrification 119
Electrify Public Fleets 119
Provide EV-Related Consumer Incentives/Rebates 120
Develop a Multifamily EV Program 120
Establish a Public Space for Electrification 121
Electrify Public Transit/Buses 121
Go After Grants/External Funding Sources 122
Conclusion 123
References 123
8 Smart Transportation Systems 124
Introduction 124
Smart Transportation Components 124
V2V and V2I 126
GPS 126
Dedicated Short Range Communication 126
3G, 4G, 5G 126
RCR 127
PV/PD 127
Issues Motivating ITS 127
High Traffic Density 127
Long Transportation Times and High Costs 128
High Carbon Dioxide Emissions 128
Expanded Supply Chains 128
Challenges 129
Information Safety and Privacy 129
Coordination, Easy Access and Universality 129
Funding 130
Rebuild Road Network 130
Training the ITS Workforce 130
Major Players in Smart Cities and Transportation 131
Alignment with ITS Goals 131
Alignment with ITS Technologies 132
Conclusion 133
Acknowledgement 133
References 133
9 Reconfigurable Computing for Smart Vehicles 135
Introduction 135
Automotive Communication Systems 137
In-Vehicle Communication 137
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication 138
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communication 140
Reconfigurable Computing for Next Generation Automotive Computing Platforms 142
Conclusion 146
References 146
Infrastructure & Environment
10 Smart Buildings and Grid Distribution Management 149
Introduction and Overview 149
Electrical Energy Management Systems 150
Architecture 152
Voltage Controller Considerations 155
On-Wire Communications [1–3] 156
Off-Wire Communications 156
Feeder Information Module (FIM) 157
Primary Data Collection 159
Secondary Data Collection [4] 160
Key Analytics and Applications 160
Connectivity Information 161
Geographic Mapping 162
Power Mapping 162
Data Storage 163
Energy Analytics: The Engine for IOT Value [5] 164
Software Engine 165
Monitoring Benefits [7] 166
Economics of Smart Building IOT 101 [14] 167
Simple Present Worth Analysis Method 168
Economics of Demand and Energy Efficiency 169
Economics of IOT Hardware/Software Design 170
Customer and Business Economics 172
“Virtual Grid” Development Example 173
Virginia Commonwealth University Campus Network 173
Building a Network Test 174
State of the Economic Evaluation 176
Summary 177
References 177
11 Smart City Lighting 179
Introduction 179
Urban Smart City Lighting Vision, 2050 180
Elements that Could Enable This Future 182
The Current Reality 183
Lighting and IoT Pilot Programs in Cities 184
Companies Leading Projects in Smart City Lighting 185
Acuity 185
GE 186
Philips Lighting 186
Sensity 186
Leading Cities with Smart City Lighting Projects 186
Barcelona, Spain 187
Boston, Massachusetts 187
Charlotte, North Carolina 187
Eindhoven, Holland 187
Fujisawa City, Japan 188
Kansas City, Missouri 188
Los Angeles County, California, and Huntington Beach 188
Oslo, Norway, Dresden, and Klingenthal in Germany 188
New York, New York 188
San Diego, California 189
San Jose, California 189
Singapore, Indonesia 189
Obstacles to Development of Smart City Lighting 189
The Revolution Begins 190
Dystopia 191
Utopia 191
Conclusion 192
Acknowledgements 192
References 192
12 Smart Water Solutions for Smart Cities 194
Introduction 194
Definitions and Drivers 194
Transportation and Mobility 195
Energy 195
Information and Communications Technology 196
Humanity 196
Deployment Considerations 196
Municipal Water Management 198
Challenges 199
A Sensor Network 200
The Business Case 202
Consumer Benefits 203
Conclusion 204
References 204
13 Technology-Enhanced Infrastructure 205
Introduction 205
Sensor Technology 209
Fiber Bragg Gratings 210
Self-monitoring Concrete 212
Radio Wave Measurements 212
Thermal Techniques 214
Embedded Electrical Sensors 216
Communications, Power, and Asset Management 217
Communication Networks 217
Power Conservation, Supply, and Storage 219
Infrastructure Management 221
Examples 223
Preventative TEI System 224
Targeted TEI System 225
Conclusion 226
References 227
Index 230