Proportional Representation

Friedrich Pukelsheim is professor emeritus of University of Augsburg, where he held the Chair for Stochastics and its Applications from 1983 to 2014. The book grew out of interdisciplinary courses and seminars on electoral systems and apportionment methods conducted during many years in Augsburg and at other academic institutions. Pukelsheim has published extensively on apportionment issues in journals of mathematics, statistics, political sciences, state law, and history. He has testified as an expert witness before legal and political bodies, including the European Parliament, the German Bundestag, and several German State Diets and Swiss Canton Parliaments.

Exposing Methods: The 2014 European Parliament Elections.- Imposing Constitutionality: The 2009 Bundestag Election.- From Reals to Integers: Rounding Functions and Rounding Rules.- Divisor Methods of Apportionment: Divide and Round.- Quota Methods of Apportionment: Divide and Rank.- Targeting the House Size: Discrepancy Distribution.- Favoring Some at the Expense of Others: Seat Biases.- Preferring Stronger Parties to Weaker Parties: Majorization.- Securing System Consistency: Coherence and Paradoxes.- Appraising Electoral Equality: Goodness-of-Fit Criteria.- Tracing Peculiarities: Vote Thresholds and Majority Clauses.- Truncating Seat Ranges: Minimum-Maximum Restrictions.- Proportionality and Personalization: BWG 2013.- Representing Districts and Parties: Double Proportionality.- Double-Proportional Divisor Methods: Technicalities.- Biographical Digest.- Notes and Comments.- Biographies.- References.- Index.