Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) Version 9 Cert Guide

Michael Gregg (CISSP, SSCP, CISA, MCSE, MCT, CTT+, A+, N+, Security+, CCNA, CASP, CISA, CISM, CEH, CHFI, and GSEC) is the founder and president of Superior Solutions, Inc., a Houston, Texas-based IT security consulting firm. Superior Solutions performs security assessments and penetration testing for Fortune 1000 firms. The company has performed security assessments for private, public, and governmental agencies. Its Houston-based team travels the country to assess, audit, and provide training services. Michael is responsible for working with organizations to develop cost-effective and innovative technology solutions to security issues and for evaluating emerging technologies. He has more than 20 years of experience in the IT field and holds two associate’s degrees, a bachelor’s degree, and a master’s degree. In addition to coauthoring the first, second, and third editions of Security Administrator Street Smarts, Michael has written or co-authored 14 other books, including Build Your Own Security Lab: A Field Guide for Network Testing (Wiley, 2008); Hack the Stack: Using Snort and Ethereal to Master the 8 Layers of an Insecure Network (Syngress, 2006); Certified Ethical Hacker Exam Prep 2 (Que, 2006); and Inside Network Security Assessment: Guarding Your IT Infrastructure (Sams, 2005). Michael has been quoted in newspapers such as the New York Times and featured on various television and radio shows, including NPR, ABC, CBS, Fox News, and others, discussing cyber security and ethical hacking. He has created more than a dozen IT security training classes. He has created and performed video instruction on many security topics, such as cyber security, CISSP, CISA, Security+, and others. When not consulting, teaching, or writing, Michael enjoys 1960s muscle cars and has a slot in his garage for a new project car. You can reach Michael by email at MikeG@thesolutionfirm.com.

Introduction xxi

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Ethical Hacking

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Security Fundamentals

Goals of Security

Risk, Assets, Threats, and Vulnerabilities

Backing Up Data to Reduce Risk

Defining an Exploit

Risk Assessment

Security Testing

No-Knowledge Tests (Black Box)

Full-Knowledge Testing (White Box)

Partial-Knowledge Testing (Gray Box)

Types of Security Tests

Hacker and Cracker Descriptions

Who Attackers Are

Ethical Hackers

Required Skills of an Ethical Hacker

Modes of Ethical Hacking

Test Plans–Keeping It Legal

Test Phases

Establishing Goals

Getting Approval

Ethical Hacking Report

Vulnerability Research–Keeping Up with Changes

Ethics and Legality

Overview of U.S. Federal Laws

Compliance Regulations

Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS)

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Hands-On Labs

Lab 1-1 Examining Security Policies

Review Questions

Chapter 2 The Technical Foundations of Hacking

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

The Attacker’s Process

Performing Reconnaissance and Footprinting

Scanning and Enumeration

Gaining Access

Escalation of Privilege

Maintaining Access

Covering Tracks and Planting Backdoors

The Ethical Hacker’s Process

NIST SP 800-15

Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation

Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual

Security and the Stack

The OSI Model

Anatomy of TCP/IP Protocols

The Application Layer

The Transport Layer

The Internet Layer

The Network Access Layer

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Exercises

2.1 Install a Sniffer and Perform Packet Captures

2.2 List the Protocols, Applications, and Services Found at Each Layer of the Stack

Chapter 3 Footprinting and Scanning

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Overview of the Seven-Step Information-Gathering Process

Information Gathering

Documentation

The Organization’s Website

Job Boards

Employee and People Searches

EDGAR Database

Google Hacking

Usenet

Registrar Query

DNS Enumeration

Determining the Network Range

Traceroute

Identifying Active Machines

Finding Open Ports and Access Points

Nmap

SuperScan

THC-Amap

Hping

Port Knocking

War Driving

OS Fingerprinting

Active Fingerprinting Tools

Fingerprinting Services

Default Ports and Services

Finding Open Services

Mapping the Network Attack Surface

Manual Mapping

Automated Mapping

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Exercises

3.1 Performing Passive Reconnaissance

3.2 Performing Active Reconnaissance

Chapter 4 Enumeration and System Hacking

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Enumeration

Windows Enumeration

Windows Security

NetBIOS and LDAP Enumeration

NetBIOS Enumeration Tools

SNMP Enumeration

Linux/UNIX Enumeration

NTP Enumeration

SMTP Enumeration

DNS Enumeration

System Hacking

Nontechnical Password Attacks

Technical Password Attacks

Password Guessing

Automated Password Guessing

Password Sniffing

Keylogging

Privilege Escalation and Exploiting Vulnerabilities

Exploiting an Application

Exploiting a Buffer Overflow

Owning the Box

Windows Authentication Types

Cracking Windows Passwords

Linux Authentication and Passwords

Cracking Linux Passwords

Hiding Files and Covering Tracks

Rootkits

File Hiding

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Exercise

4.1 NTFS File Streaming

Review Questions

Chapter 5 Malware Threats

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Viruses and Worms

Types and Transmission Methods of Viruses

Virus Payloads

History of Viruses

Well-Known Viruses

Virus Tools

Trojans

Trojan Types

Trojan Ports and Communication Methods

Trojan Goals

Trojan Infection Mechanisms

Effects of Trojans

Trojan Tools

Distributing Trojans

Covert Communication

Tunneling via the Internet Layer

Tunneling via the Transport Layer

Tunneling via the Application Layer

Port Redirection

Keystroke Logging and Spyware

Hardware Keyloggers

Software Keyloggers

Spyware

Malware Countermeasures

Detecting Malware

Antivirus

Analyzing Malware

Static Analysis

Dynamic Analysis

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Exercises

5.1 Finding Malicious Programs

5.2 Using Process Explorer

Review Questions

Chapter 6 Sniffers, Session Hijacking, and Denial of Service

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Sniffers

Passive Sniffing

Active Sniffing

Address Resolution Protocol

ARP Poisoning and MAC Flooding

Tools for Sniffing

Wireshark

Other Sniffing Tools

Sniffing and Spoofing Countermeasures

Session Hijacking

Transport Layer Hijacking

Identify and Find an Active Session

Predict the Sequence Number

Take One of the Parties Offline

Take Control of the Session

Application Layer Hijacking

Session Sniffing

Predictable Session Token ID

Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

Man-in-the-Browser Attacks

Client-Side Attacks

Session Replay Attacks

Session Fixation Attacks

Session Hijacking Tools

Preventing Session Hijacking

Denial of Service and Distributed Denial of Service

DoS Attack Techniques

Bandwidth Attacks

SYN Flood Attacks

ICMP Attacks

Peer-to-Peer Attacks

Program- and Application-Level Attacks

Permanent DoS Attacks

Distributed Denial of Service

DDoS Tools

DoS and DDOS Countermeasures

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Exercises

6.1 Scanning for DDoS Programs

6.2 Using SMAC to Spoof Your MAC Address

Review Questions

Chapter 7 Web Server Hacking, Web Applications, and Database Attacks

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Web Server Hacking

Scanning Web Servers

Banner Grabbing and Enumeration

Web Server Vulnerability Identification

Attacking the Web Server

DoS/DDoS Attacks

DNS Server Hijacking and DNS Amplification Attacks

Directory Traversal

Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

Website Defacement

Web Server Misconfiguration

HTTP Response Splitting

Web Server Password Cracking

IIS Vulnerabilities

Automated Exploit Tools

Securing Web Servers

Web Application Hacking

Unvalidated Input

Parameter/Form Tampering

Injection Flaws

Cross-Site Scripting and Cross-Site Request Forgery Attacks

Hidden Field Attacks

Other Web Application Attacks

Attacking Web-Based Authentication

Web-Based Password Cracking and Authentication Attacks

Cookies

URL Obfuscation

Intercepting Web Traffic

Securing Web Applications

Database Hacking

Identifying SQL Servers

SQL Injection Vulnerabilities

SQL Injection Hacking Tools

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Exercise

7.1 Review CVEs and Buffer Overflows

Review Questions

Chapter 8 Wireless Technologies, Mobile Security, and Attacks

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Wireless Technologies

Wireless History

Satellite TV

Cordless Phones

Mobile Device Operation and Security

Mobile Device Concerns

Mobile Device Platforms

Android

iOS

Windows Phone

BlackBerry

Mobile Device Management and Protection

Bluetooth

Wireless LANs

Wireless LAN Basics

Wireless LAN Frequencies and Signaling

Wireless LAN Security

Wireless LAN Threats

Eavesdropping

Configured as Open Authentication

Rogue and Unauthorized Access Points

Denial of Service (DoS)

Wireless Hacking Tools

Discover Wi-Fi Networks

Perform GPS Mapping

Wireless Traffic Analysis

Launch Wireless Attacks

Crack and Compromise the Wi-Fi Network

Securing Wireless Networks

Defense in Depth

Site Survey

Robust Wireless Authentication

Misuse Detection

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Review Questions

Chapter 9 IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Intrusion Detection Systems

IDS Types and Components

Pattern Matching and Anomaly Detection

Snort

IDS Evasion

Flooding

Insertion and Evasion

Session Splicing

Shellcode Attacks

Other IDS Evasion Techniques

IDS Evasion Tools

Firewalls

Firewall Types

Network Address Translation

Packet Filters

Application and Circuit-Level Gateways

Stateful Inspection

Identifying Firewalls

Bypassing Firewalls

Honeypots

Types of Honeypots

Detecting Honeypots

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Review Questions

Chapter 10 Physical Security and Social Engineering

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Physical Security

Threats to Physical Security

Physical Security for Documentation and Storage Media

Equipment Controls

Locks

Fax Machines

Area Controls

Location Data and Geotagging

Facility Controls

Personal Safety Controls

Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression

Physical Access Controls

Authentication

Defense in Depth

Social Engineering

Six Types of Social Engineering

Person-to-Person Social Engineering

Computer-Based Social Engineering

Phishing, Social Networking, and Targeted Attacks

Reverse Social Engineering

Policies and Procedures

Employee Hiring and Termination Policies

Help Desk Procedures and Password Change Policies

Employee Identification

Privacy Policies

Governmental and Commercial Data Classification

User Awareness

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Exercise

10.1 Encrypting Data at Rest for Added Physical Security

Review Questions

Chapter 11 Cryptographic Attacks and Defenses

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Functions of Cryptography

History of Cryptography

Algorithms

Symmetric Encryption

Data Encryption Standard (DES)

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Rivest Cipher

Asymmetric Encryption (Public Key Encryption)

RSA

Diffie-Hellman

ElGamal

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)

Hashing

Digital Signature

Steganography

Digital Certificates

Public Key Infrastructure

Trust Models

Single-Authority Trust

Hierarchical Trust

Web of Trust

Protocols, Applications, and Attacks

Encryption Cracking and Tools

Weak Encryption

Encryption-Cracking Tools

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Exercises

11.1 Examining an SSL Certificate

11.2 Using PGP

11.3 Using a Steganographic Tool to Hide a Message

Review Questions

Chapter 12 Cloud Computing and Botnets

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing Issues and Concerns

Cloud Computing Attacks

Cloud Computing Security

Botnets

Botnet Countermeasures

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Exercise

12.1 Scanning for DDoS Programs

Review Questions

Chapter 13 Final Preparation

Hands-on Activities

Suggested Plan for Final Review and Study

Summary

Glossary

Online Content:

Glossary

Appendix A Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes and Review Questions

Appendix B Memory Tables

Appendix C Memory Tables Answer Key

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