Beyond Bitcoin

Hanna Halaburda shares her time between New York University, USA, and the Bank of Canada. Previously, she was on the faculty at Harvard Business School, USA, and a visiting scholar at Columbia University, USA. Halaburda's research specializes in the economics of digital currencies, platform competition, and the impact of technology on firms' strategy. Miklos Sarvary is Professor at Columbia Business School, USA, where he serves as Faculty Director of the Media and Technology Program. Previously, he was on the faculty at Stanford University, USA; Harvard University, USA; and INSEAD. His research has focused on information and news markets, social network competition and, more recently, online advertising effectiveness.

1. Introduction
2. Means of Exchange: Ever Present Competition
2.1. The Medium of Exchange – Historical Overview
2.2. What Roles Does Money Serve?
2.3. Competing Money
2.4. Virtual Money?
3. Platform-Based Currencies
3.1. Special Currencies of the Traditional World
3.2. Platform-Based Currencies in the Digital Era
3.3. Conclusion
3.4. Discussion
4. Cryptocurrencies
4.1. The Double Spending Problem
4.2. How Does Bitcoin Work? Brief Overview
4.3. Not the First One – Predecessors of Bitcoin
4.4. Problems with Bitcoin (New Challenges)
4.5. Competition Against Other Cryptcurrencies
4.6. Non-Currency Use of Blockchain Technology
4.7. Trading Cryptocurrencies
4.8. How Do Cryptocurrencies' Attributes Compare to Earlier Money?
5. Conclusions