Practice of Reservoir Engineering (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Practice of Reservoir Engineering 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 14
Dedication 6
Preface 8
About The Author 12
Nomenclature 20
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 24
1.1. Activities in reservoir engineering 24
1.2. Basic themes of the text 27
1.3. The role of reservoir engineers 34
1.4. Technical responsibilities of reservoir engineers 40
1.5. The physical principles of reservoir engineering 49
References 51
Chapter 2. THE APPRAISAL OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS 52
2.1. Introduction 52
2.2. Pressure–volume–temperature fluid properties for oil 52
2.3. Calculation of the stock tank oil initially in place 67
2.4. Field unitization/equity determination 68
2.5. Calculation of gas initially in place (GIIP) 73
2.6. Pressure–depth plotting 74
2.7. Application of the repeat formation tester 81
2.8. Pulse testing using the repeat formation tester 86
2.9. Appraisal well testing 89
2.10. Extended well testing 93
References 95
Chapter 3. MATERIAL BALANCE APPLIED TO OILFIELDS 96
3.1. Introduction 96
3.2. Derivation of the cumulative material balance for oil reservoirs 97
3.3. Necessary conditions for application of material balance 101
3.4. Solving the material balance (knowns and unknowns) 104
3.5. Comparison between material balance and numerical simulation modelling 105
3.6. The opening move in applying material balance 108
3.7. Volumetric depletion fields 109
3.8. Water influx calculations 133
3.9. Gascap drive 140
3.10. Compaction drive 147
3.11. Conclusion 156
References 157
Chapter 4. OILWELL TESTING 160
4.1. Introduction 160
4.2. Essential observations in well testing 161
4.3. Well testing literature 168
4.4. The purpose of well testing 170
4.5. Basic, radial flow equation 177
4.6. Constant terminal rate solution of the radial diffusivity equation 182
4.7. The transient constant terminal rate solution of the radial diffusivity equation 191
4.8. Difficulties in application of the constant terminal rate solution of the radial diffusivity equation 199
4.9. Superposition of CTR solutions 200
4.10. Single-rate drawdown test 203
4.11. Pressure buildup testing (general description) 206
4.12. Miller, Dyes, Hutchinson (MDH) pressure buildup analysis 208
4.13. Horner pressure buildup analysis 213
4.14. Some practical aspects of appraisal well testing 218
4.15. Practical difficulties associated with Horner analysis 228
4.16. The influence of fault geometries on pressure buildups in appraisal well testing 236
4.17. Application of the exponential integral 253
4.18. Pressure support during appraisal well testing 258
4.19. Well testing in developed fields 276
4.20. Multi-rate flow testing 302
4.21. Log–log type curves 313
4.22. Conclusions 322
References 330
Chapter 5. WATERDRIVE 334
5.1. Introduction 334
5.2. Planning a waterflood 335
5.3. Engineering design of waterdrive projects 347
5.4. The basic theory of waterdrive in one dimension 359
5.5. The description of waterdrive in heterogeneous reservoir sections 389
5.6. Waterdrive under segregated flow conditions (vertical equilibrium) 396
5.7. Waterdrive in sections across which there is a total lack of pressure equilibrium 428
5.8. The numerical simulation of waterdrive 450
5.9. The examination of waterdrive performance 459
5.10. Difficult waterdrive fields 468
References 481
Chapter 6. GAS RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 484
6.1. Introduction 484
6.2. PVT requirements for gas-condensate systems 484
6.3. Gas field volumetric material balance 492
6.4. The dynamics of the immiscible gas–oil displacement 517
6.5. Dry gas recycling in retrograde gas-condensate reservoirs 534
References 546
Subject Index 548