Advances in Marine Biology (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 8
Contributors to Volume 53 1
Series Contents for Last Ten Years 10
Chapter 1: The Evolutionary Ecology of Offspring Size in Marine Invertebrates 15
1. Introduction 17
2. How Variable is Offspring Size Within Species? 20
2.1. Meta-analysis of the literature 20
3. Effects of Offspring Size 24
3.1. Fertilization 24
3.2. Development 27
3.3. Post-metamorphosis 35
4. Sources of Variation in Offspring Size 42
4.1. Within populations 42
4.2. Among populations 45
5. Offspring-Size Models 46
5.1. Offspring size-number trade-off 47
5.2. Offspring size-fitness function 50
5.3. Reconciling within-clutch variation 52
5.4. Summary of offspring-size models 53
6. Summary 53
6.1. Planktotrophs 54
6.2. Non-feeding 56
6.3. Direct developers 56
6.4. Ecological implications 57
6.5. Evolutionary implications 57
6.6. Future research directions 59
Appendix 60
Acknowledgements 64
References 64
Chapter 2: An Evaluation of the Effects of Conservation and Fishery Enhancement Hatcheries on Wild Populations of Salmon 75
1. Introduction 77
1.1. Scope of the review 79
1.2. Motivations and objectives of hatcheries 82
1.3. Content overview 84
2. Historical Overview of Hatchery Activities 85
3. Political Dynamics of Hatchery Programmes 92
4. Geographical Extent of Activities 98
4.1. Enhancement of indigenous salmonids: Conservation, production and mitigation hatcheries 98
4.2. Enhancement of non-indigenous salmon and trout: Introductions 113
5. Potential Consequences of Enhancement Activities 114
5.1. Genetic risks associated with salmon hatchery programmes 114
5.2. Behavioural and ecological interactions between wild and hatchery-produced salmon 141
5.3. The effects of harvest on wild salmon populations 147
5.4. Disease effects of salmonid enhancement 155
6. Economic Perspectives on Hatchery Programmes 164
6.1. Measuring costs, effectiveness and benefits 165
6.2. Cost-effectiveness of hatchery programmes 167
6.3. BCA of hatchery programmes 170
6.4. Complicating factors 173
6.5. Conclusions 174
7. Discussion 174
7.1. Release objectives and release sizes 175
7.2. Interactions between hatchery and wild fish 176
7.3. Economic issues 181
7.4. Moving forward: Scientific and social dimensions 182
7.5. Conclusions 183
Acknowledgements 184
References 184
Chapter 3: The Social Structure and Strategies of Delphinids: Predictions Based on an Ecological Framework 209
1. Biological Pressures on Social Strategies 211
1.1. Why do animals form groups? 213
1.2. Definitions and levels of grouping 214
1.3. What are social strategies? 215
1.4. How does ecology influence social strategies? 218
2. Dolphin Ecology 219
2.1. Distribution and habitat 219
2.2. Predation and predatory risk 222
2.3. Foraging behaviour and diet 229
2.4. Ranging patterns and daily movements 232
2.5. Socioecology 233
3. Resident Communities 237
3.1. Inshore bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) 239
3.2. Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) 245
3.3. Comparisons with terrestrial mammals 250
4. Wide-Ranging Communities 253
4.1. Eastern Tropical Pacific dolphins (Delphinus and Stenella sp.) 255
4.2. Coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) 257
4.3. Dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) 260
4.4. Comparisons with terrestrial mammals 265
5. Intermediate-Ranging Patterns 267
5.1. Humpback dolphin (Sousa sp.) 268
5.2. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) 273
5.3. Comparisons with terrestrial mammals 279
6. Demographic, Social and Cultural Influences 281
7. Comparisons with Other Cetaceans 282
7.1. Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) 283
7.2. Northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) 285
7.3. Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 286
7.4. Why are there no long-term bonds in baleen whales? 287
8. Conservation Implications 288
9. Concluding Comments 290
Acknowledgements 292
References 292
Taxonomic Index 309
Subject Index 313