Fundamentals of Fractured Reservoir Engineering (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fundamentals of Fractured Reservoir Engineering 4
Copyright Page 5
List of Contents 12
First Part: Reservoir Description 20
CHAPTER 1. BASIC GEOLOGY 24
1.1. Introduction 24
1.2. Geological conditions of fracturing 26
1.3. Geological model for the simulation of fracturing 43
1.4. Influence of stylolitization and jointing 49
1.5. Quantitative evaluation of fracturing 57
List of Symbols 68
References 69
CHAPTER 2. FRACTURE DETECTION AND EVALUATION 70
2.1. Classification and definitions 70
2.2. Basic parameters of fractures 73
2.3. Direct evaluation of fracturing 85
2.4. Processing of data 103
2.5. Application of fracturing studies 114
List of Symbols 127
References 128
CHAPTER 3. FRACTURED RESERVOIRS, CASE HISTORIES* 130
3.1. Fractured carbonate reservoirs 130
3.2. Fractured silt/sand reservoirs 150
3.3. Fractured shale reservoirs 155
3.4. Fractured ‹‹ basement ‹‹ reservoirs 161
CHAPTER 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS 166
4.1. Introduction 166
4.2. Porosity 166
4.3. Permeability 175
4.4. Discussion concerning basic parameters (K, ?, Swi) 195
4.5. Compressibility in a fractured rock 218
4.6. Relative permeability in a fractured reservoir 227
4.7. Capillary pressure curve 252
CHAPTER 5. LOGGING VS. FRACTURE EVALUATION 274
5.1. Introduction 274
5.2. Lithology logs 275
5.3. Caliper logs 276
5.4. Temperature logs 277
5.5. Resistivity logs 279
5.6. Dipmeter logs 283
5.7. Porosity logs 289
5.8. Borehole televiewer 302
5.9. Discussion 305
5.10. Quantitative interpretation 309
List of Symbols 312
References 313
SECOND PART: Well Dynamics Flow of Homogeneous Fluids Toward A Well 314
CHAPTER 6. FLOW OF FLUIDS TOWARDS A WELL IN NON-POROUS FRACTURED ROCK 318
6.1. Law of flow of homogeneous liquids 318
6.2. Steady-state flow of homogeneous liquids through fractures toward a well 330
6.3. Flow of gas through fractures toward a well 357
6.4. Transient flow in a non-porous fractured rock 366
List of Symbols 369
References 370
CHAPTER 7. FLOW TOWARDS A WELL IN FRACTURED ROCK OF DOUBLE POROSITY 372
7.1. Basic equations of flow 374
7.2. Discussion of the Warren and Root1 model 394
7.3. Discussion of Pollard method 426
List of Symbols 434
References 436
CHAPTER 8. SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF FLOW TOWARD A WELL 438
8.1. Introduction 438
8.2. Well interference 438
8.3. Evaluation of anisotropy in a fractured reservoir 453
8.4. Use of type-curves for analysis of flow toward a well 472
List of Symbols 477
References 478
THIRD PART : Reservoir Dynamics 480
CHAPTER 9. FLUID DISPLACEMENT IN A SINGLE MATRIX BLOCK 484
9.1. Introduction 484
9.2. Simplified dynamic approach to matrix fluid displacement 484
9.3. Simplified physical approach to fluid displacement in matrix block 501
9.4. Concepts and experiments : single block imbibition displacement 514
9.5. Other aspects of single block fluid displacement 549
9.6. Oil produced from a single block : theoretical approach 555
List of Symbols 566
References 567
CHAPTER 10. PRODUCTION MECHANISM OF A FRACTURED RESERVOIR 570
10.1. Introduction 570
10.2. Reservoir description during depletion 573
10.3. Reservoir zoning vs. production mechanism 579
10.4. Specific aspects of a fractured reservoir 613
List of Symbols 622
References 624
CHAPTER 11. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FRACTURED RESERVOIRS 626
11.1. Introduction 626
11.2. Phase flow simulation 627
11.3. Compositional simulators 651
List of Symbols 658
References 659
CHAPTER 12. FRACTURED RESERVOIR EXAMPLES 660
12.1. Basic data and history of certain fractured reservoirs 660
12.2. Simplified examples of reservoir calculations 670
List of Symbols 722
References 724
SUBJECT INDEX 726