Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production (eBook)

Cover 1
CONTENTS 6
INTRODUCTION 14
About This Book 14
CHAPTER 1.0. THE FIELD LIFE CYCLE 16
1.1 Exploration Phase 16
1.2 Appraisal Phase 18
1.3 Development Planning 18
1.4 Production Phase 19
1.5 Decommissioning 20
CHAPTER 2.0. EXPLORATION 22
2.1 Hydrocarbon Accumulations 22
2.2 Exploration Methods and Techniques 28
CHAPTER 3.0. DRILLING ENGINEERING 42
3.1 Well Planning 42
3.2 Rig Types and Rig Selection 45
3.3 Drilling Systems and Equipment 48
3.4 Site Preparation 55
3.5 Drilling Techniques 57
3.6 Casing and Cementing 66
3.7 Drilling Problems 69
3.8 Costs and Contracts 73
CHAPTER 4.0. SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 78
4.1 Safety awareness 78
4.2 Safety management systems 81
4.3 Environment 83
4.4 Current environmental concerns 86
CHAPTER 5.0. RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION 88
5.1 Reservoir Geology 89
5.2 Reservoir Fluids 102
5.3 Data Gathering 138
5.4 Data Interpretation 149
CHAPTER 6.0. VOLUMETRIC ESTIMATION 166
6.1 Deterministic Methods 166
6.2 Expressing uncertainty 171
CHAPTER 7.0. FIELD APPRAISAL 186
7.1 The role of appraisal in the field life cycle 186
7.2 Identifying and quantifying sources of uncertainty 187
7.3 Appraisal tools 190
7.4 Expressing reduction of uncertainty 191
7.5 Cost-benefit calculations for appraisal 192
7.6 Practical aspects of appraisal 195
CHAPTER 8.0. RESERVOIR DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR 196
8.1 The driving force for production 196
8.2 Reservoir drive mechanisms 199
8.3 Gas reservoirs 206
8.4 Fluid displacement in the reservoir 213
8.5 Reservoir simulation 218
8.6 Estimating the recovery factor 219
8.7 Estimating the production profile 221
8.8 Enhanced oil recovery 222
CHAPTER 9.0. WELL DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR 226
9.1 Estimating the number of development wells 226
9.2 Fluid flow near the wellbore 228
9.3 Horizontal wells 231
9.4 Production testing and bottom hole pressure testing 234
9.5 Tubing performance 237
9.6 Well completions 240
9.7 Artificial lift 242
CHAPTER 10.0. SURFACE FACILITIES 248
10.1 Oil and gas processing 248
10.2 Facilities 270
CHAPTER 11.0. PRODUCTION OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 290
11.1 Operating and Maintenance Objectives 291
11.2 Production Operations input to the FDP 292
11.3 Maintenance engineering input to the FDP 299
CHAPTER 12.0. PROJECT AND CONTRACT MANAGEMENT 304
12.1 Phasing and organisation 304
12.2 Planning and control 308
12.3 Cost estimation and budgets 312
12.4 Reasons for contracting 313
12.5 Types of contract 314
CHAPTER 13.0. PETROLEUM ECONOMICS 316
13.1 Basic principles of development economics 316
13.2 Constructing a Project Cashflow 319
13.3 Calculating a discounted cashflow 331
13.4 Profitability indicators 336
13.5 Project screening and ranking 337
13.6 Per barrel costs 338
13.7 Sensitivity analysis 338
13.8 Exploration economics 340
CHAPTER 14.0. MANAGING THE PRODUCING FIELD 344
14.1 Managing the subsurface 345
14.2 Managing the surface facilities 353
14.3 Managing the external factors 359
14.4 Managing the internal factors 360
CHAPTER 15.0. MANAGING DECLINE 364
15.1 Infill drilling 364
15.2 Workover activity 366
15.3 Enhanced oil recovery 369
15.4 Production debottlenecking 372
15.5 Incremental development 375
CHAPTER 16.0. DECOMMISSIONING 378
16.1 Legislation 378
16.2 Economic lifetime 379
16.3 Decommissioning funding 380
16.4 Decommissioning methods 381
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 386
INDEX 388