Tribology of Diamond-like Carbon Films (eBook)

Pr CHRISTOPHE DONNET is full professor of chemistry and material engineering in the University Jean Monnet, France. He is member of the "University Institut of France". He received his Ph.D. degree in analytical chemistry from the University of Lyon, France, in 1990. He has been associate professor in the French engineering school "École Centrale de Lyon" and is now full professor in the University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France. He performs research activities in thin film deposition and characterization, with highlights on correlations between deposition conditions, nanostructure, chemistry and tribological properties of coatings. Most of his works is related to superlow friction of MoS2 films and Diamond-like carbon (DLC), in particular through a strong collaboration with the IBM research division (Yorktown Heights, NY). He paid special attention on understanding the effect of hydrogen content of diamond-like carbon films on their friction behavior in ultra-high vacuum. His is now working on ultrashort laser processes to deposit doped and alloyed DLC films, and to induce surface microstructuration, by pulsed laser ablation. He is co-author of about 75 papers in refereed journal articles, 7 book and handbook chapters, and has given more than 125 technical presentations worldwide, including 12 invited talks. He becomes junior member of the "University Institute of France" in 2005.     Dr. ALI ERDEMIR is a Senior Scientist in the Energy Technology Division of Argonne National Laboratory. He received his B.S. in Metallurgy from Istanbul Technical University in 1977; and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1982 and 1986, respectively. Since joining Argonne in 1987, he has concentrated on the development of carbon-based novel tribomaterials and coatings that can provide exceptional friction and wear properties. In recognition of his outstanding research work in the field, Dr. Erdemir has received several prestigious awards and honors, including three R&D-100 Awards in 1991, 1998, and 2003, the Innovative Research Award of ASME-International, 1999; two Al Sonntag (in 1992 and 2001) and an Edmond E. Bisson (in 1998) Award from the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE); Discover Magazine Award in 1998; Distinguished Engineering Alumni Award of the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2000. He has been an active member of several professional societies, including STLE, ASME, ASM-International, AVS, and MRS and he is a fellow of ASM-International and STLE. Dr. Erdemir is the author or co-author of more than 110 refereed journal articles, 8 book/handbook chapters, and has given more than 200 technical presentations worldwide (many of which are invited). He holds 7 U.S. Patents.

Foreword 5
Acknowledgments 7
Contents 8
Contributors 11
Diamond-like Carbon Films: A Historical Overview 15
1 Introduction 15
2 Inception and Early Studies 18
3 State of the Art 19
4 Practical Applications 20
5 Future Directions 22
References 23
Section A General Overview on DLC Coatings 25
Classification of Diamond-like Carbons 26
1 Introduction 26
2 Phase Diagram 26
3 Diamond-like Character 28
4 Deposition Process 29
5 Growth Rates in PECVD 32
6 Stress 34
7 Density: sp3 Plot 34
8 Alloyed DLCs 35
9 Conclusions 36
References 36
Non-destructive Characterisation of Carbon Films 38
1 Introduction 38
2 Properties of Carbon Films 39
3 X-Ray Reflectivity 43
4 Surface Acoustic Waves 49
5 Resonant Raman Spectroscopy 54
6 Roughness Evolution 80
7 Evolution of ta-C Properties with Thickness 85
8 Thermal Conductivity 86
9 Conclusions 89
References 90
Mechanical Characterisation and Properties of DLC Films 96
1 Introduction 96
2 Experimental Protocols 97
3 Review of Mechanical Data and Emerging Issues 101
4 Intrinsic Film’s Hardness and Link to Other Properties 105
5 Concluding Remarks 111
References 111
Residual Stresses in DLC Films and Adhesion to Various Substrates 115
1 Introduction 115
2 Basic Aspects 117
3 Determination of the Magnitude of Residual Stresses and Adhesion Performance 128
4 Effect of Deposition Parameters on the Magnitude of Residual Stresses 132
5 Reduction of Residual Stresses 139
6 Deposition of DLC Films with Improved Adhesion 144
7 Conclusion 146
References 146
Section B Tribology of DLC Coatings Fundamentals and Experimental Studies 150
Fundamentals of the Tribology of DLC Coatings 151
1 Introduction 151
2 Background on Tribological Coatings and their Friction and Wear Behavior 153
3 The Case of Diamond-like Carbon Films 156
4 Examples of Adhesive Phenomena 159
5 Conclusion 165
References 165
Environmental and Thermal Effects on the Tribological Performance of DLC Coatings 167
1 Introduction 167
2 Tribological Performance of DLC Coatings 168
3 Environmental Effects on Tribological Performance of DLC Films 168
4 Thermal Effects on Tribological Performance of DLC Coatings 201
5 Concluding Remarks 205
References 208
Third Bodies and Tribochemistry of DLC Coatings 213
1 Introduction 214
2 Experimental 216
3 Results 218
4 Discussion 240
5 Summary and Conclusions 244
References 245
An Overview of Superlubricity in Diamond- like Carbon Films 249
1 Introduction 250
2 Superlubricity in Crystalline Solids 251
3 Lubrication Mechanisms of DLC Films 252
4 Experimental Verification of Superlubricity in DLC Films 257
5 Mechanisms of Superlubricity in DLC Films 263
6 Conclusion 271
References 272
Hard DLC Growth and Inclusion in Nanostructured Wear- protective Coatings 275
1 Introduction 276
2 Conditions for Preparation of Hard Wear- resistant ta- DLC Coatings 276
3 Functional Gradient and Multilayer Coatings with ta- DLC Coatings 281
4 Tough Nanocrystalline Carbide/Amorphous DLC Coatings 284
5 Adaptive Low Friction “Chameleon” Nanocomposites with DLC Phases 288
6 Conclusions 290
References 291
Environmental and Surface Chemical Effects on Tribological Properties of Carbon- based Coatings 294
1 Introduction 294
2 Silicon Carbide 295
3 Boron Carbide 295
4 Hydrogenated Diamond-like Carbon 297
5 Modeling Friction Behavior of Hydrogenated DLC in Humid Air 298
6 Amorphous Carbon Nitride 299
7 Conclusion 300
References 301
Triboemission and Triboplasma Generation with DLC Films 303
1 Introduction 303
2 General Features of Triboemission and Triboplasma Generation 305
3 Electric Nature and Structure of DLC Films 307
4 Triboemission from a-C:H Films in Vacuum 309
5 Triboemission from A-C:H Films in Ambient Air 314
6 Triboemission Under Oil Lubrication 316
7 Triboemission in a-C:N Films 318
8 Triboplasma Generation in ta-C Films 318
9 Concluding Remarks 320
References 320
Doping and Alloying Effects on DLC Coatings 323
1 Introduction 323
2 Doping with Light Elements (F, O, N, Si) 325
3 N-Containing DLC Films 329
4 Doping with Metals: Me-DLC 335
5 Modulated Alloying at the Nanoscale: Multilayered and Nanocomposite Coatings 340
6 Conclusions 343
References 344
Tribology of Carbon Nitride Coatings 351
1 Introduction 351
2 Coating Procedure and Material Properties of CNx Coatings 352
3 Friction of CNx Coatings 354
4 Lubrication of CNx Coatings with Nitrogen 359
5 Mechanisms of Low Friction of CNx Coatings in Nitrogen 366
6 Wear of CNx Coatings 368
7 Concluding Remarks 371
References 373
Tribology of DLC Films Under Fretting Conditions 374
1 Introduction 374
2 Dry Sliding Against Different Counterbody Materials 375
3 Sliding under Media-lubricated Conditions 384
4 DLC Film Performance at Elevated Temperatures 388
5 Summary and Conclusions 393
References 393
Tribology of DLC Films Under Slip-Rolling Conditions 395
1 Introduction 396
2 Experimental Details 397
3 Results and Discussion 402
4 Summary and Conclusions 419
References 420
Tribological Behavior of DLC Films in Various Lubrication Regimes 422
1 Introduction 423
2 Starved Lubrication 424
3 Boundary Lubrication 428
4 EHD Lubrication 457
5 Concluding Remarks 459
References 462
Section C Applications and Future Trends in DLC’s Tribology 466
Industrial Production of DLC Coatings 467
1 Introduction 467
2 Carbon Coatings and Coating Technology 468
3 Industrial Coating Systems 470
4 Applications of DLC coatings 474
5 Summary and Outlook 476
References 478
DLC Films in Mechanical and Manufacturing Industry 479
1 Introduction 480
2 PACVD DLC Technology 480
3 Basic Characteristic Properties of Coatings 482
4 Tribology Testing 486
5 Application of DLC on Mechanical Components 489
6 Towards High Productivity Equipment 492
7 Conclusions 492
References 493
Wear Resistance of Amorphous DLC and Metal Containing DLC in Industrial Applications 494
1 Wear Mechanisms in Practical Applications 494
2 Examples of Industrial Application of DLC-based Coatings 498
3 Conclusions 502
References 502
DLC Films in Biomedical Applications 504
1 Introduction 505
2 Biocompatible DLC and Alloyed DLC Surfaces 506
3 Blood-Contacting Applications 509
4 Tribology of DLC in Load-bearing Implants and the Influence of Lubricants 510
5 The DLC Substrate Interface 514
6 Other DLC Applications Connected to Tribology 516
7 Summary 516
References 517
Nanotribology of Ultrathin and Hard Amorphous Carbon Films 520
1 Introduction 521
2 Description of Commonly Used Deposition Techniques 526
3 Chemical Characterization and Effect of Deposition Conditions on Chemical 532
4 Micromechanical and Tribological Characterizations of Coatings Deposited 541
5 Closure 574
References 575
Laser Processing of Tribological DLC Films: An Overview 581
1 Introduction 582
2 General Considerations 582
3 Direct Processing 586
4 Indirect Processing 591
5 Tribological Tests 595
6 Conclusions 597
References 597
New Trends in Boundary Lubrication of DLC Coatings 601
1 Introduction 601
2 Methods 602
3 Results and Discussion 609
4 Summary 628
References 628
Fullerene-like Carbon Nitride: A New Carbon- based Tribological Coating 630
1 Introduction 631
2 Fullerene-like Carbon Nitride Films 633
3 Mechanical and Tribological Properties 647
4 Concluding Remarks 658
References 659
Index 664