Ecosystem Management

Arnab Banerjee, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. He has published 80 research papers in reputed national and international journals, as well as 17 books and 90 book chapters. Additionally, he is a life member of the Academy of Environmental Biology and is dynamically involved in post-graduate teaching and research, including work as a fellow under a University Grants Commission project. Manoj Kumar Jhariya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Farm Forestry at Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Sarguja, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. He is the author or co-author of more than 86 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 16 books, 86 book chapters, and several extension articles and serves as an editorial board member of several journals. He is a life member of The Indian Science Congress Association, Applied and Natural Science Foundation, Society for Advancement of Human and Nature, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of India, and International Journal of Development and Sustainability. Abhishek Raj, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Forest Product and Utilization, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay College of Horticulture & Forestry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, India. He has published over 20 papers in scientific journals, 60 book chapters, and five books. Taher Mechergui, PhD, is an assistant professor on the faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Forest, Tabarka Pastoral Resources, Jarzouna, Tunisia. He has published various research papers and chapters from reputed international publishers and has a long, well-respected career in academia and research, particularly in research and development. He has a wide specialization in the diverse field of ecophysiology along with allied biological sciences.

List of Contributors xxvii

Preface xxxiii

1 Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Global Sustainability—An Introduction 1
Arnab Banerjee, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Abhishek Raj and Taher Mechergui

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Ecosystem Management 4

1.3 Key Principles Behind Ecosystem Management 6

1.3.1 Importance of Species as a Tool for Ecosystem Management 6

1.3.2 People are the Integral Part of Ecosystem 6

1.3.3 Recognizing the Need for Knowledge-Based Adaptive Ecosystem Management 7

1.3.4 Application of Precautionary Principle in Ecosystem Management 8

1.3.5 Inter Sectoral Collaboration for Ecosystem Management and Sustainability 8

1.3.6 Making Ecosystem-Based Management a Mainstream Development Approach 9

1.4 Climate Change and Ecosystem Management 10

1.5 Issues and Challenges of Global Sustainability 12

1.6 Climate Change and Health 13

1.7 Ecosystem Management and Global Sustainability 14

1.7.1 Sustainability of Bioresources 15

1.7.2 Sustainability of Agroecosystem 15

1.7.3 Energy Resource for Sustainable Harvesting 16

1.7.4 Sustainability Toward Green Economy and Society 16

1.8 Conclusion 16

1.9 Future Perspectives of Ecosystem Management, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability 17

References 18

2 Climate Change Mitigation Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture 23
Saikat Mondal and Debnath Palit

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Climate Change Risks on Global Agriculture System 27

2.3 The History and Fundamental Principles of Sustainable Agriculture 30

2.4 Climate-Smart Agriculture 32

2.5 Importance of Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture 33

2.5.1 Ensuring Access to Food While Preserving Natural Resources 35

2.5.2 Economic Benefits and Resilience of Smallholder Farmers 35

2.5.3 Mitigating GHG Emissions 36

2.5.4 Enhancing Agricultural Resilience Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture 36

2.5.4.1 Diversification 36

2.5.4.2 Soil Health 37

2.5.4.3 Water Management 37

2.5.4.4 Agroforestry 37

2.5.5 Promoting Sustainable Land Management 37

2.5.6 Benefits for Smallholder Farmers 38

2.5.6.1 Increased Productivity and Income 38

2.5.6.2 Improved Soil Health and Nutrient Management 38

2.5.6.3 Conservation of Natural Resources 38

2.6 Various Climate-Smart Technologies Toward CC Mitigation 39

2.6.1 cc Mitigation Through Conservation Agriculture 39

2.6.1.1 Soil Carbon Sequestration 39

2.6.1.2 Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions 39

2.6.1.3 Water Conservation 39

2.6.1.4 Biodiversity Conservation 40

2.6.2 cc Mitigation Through Agroforestry 40

2.6.2.1 Carbon Sequestration 40

2.6.2.2 Reduced Emissions 40

2.6.2.3 Enhanced Resilience 41

2.6.2.4 Socio-Economic Benefits 41

2.6.3 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Organic Farming 41

2.6.3.1 Soil Management 41

2.6.3.2 Reduced Synthetic Inputs 42

2.6.3.3 Agroforestry and Biodiversity 42

2.6.3.4 Livestock Management 42

2.6.4 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Precision Agriculture 42

2.6.4.1 Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions 43

2.6.4.2 Minimizing Methane (CH 4) Emissions 43

2.6.4.3 Enhancing Carbon Sequestration 43

2.6.5 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Conservation Agriculture 44

2.6.5.1 Carbon Sequestration 44

2.6.5.2 Reduced Nitrous Oxide Emissions 44

2.6.5.3 Methane Emissions 44

2.7 Policy Support and International Cooperation 45

2.7.1 Policy Support and International Cooperation for Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture in India 46

2.8 Future Directives Toward Climate-Smart Practices Toward Sustainable Agriculture 46

2.9 Conclusion 47

References 48

3 Management of Soil Degradation: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Oil Degradation, Food Insecurity, and Climate Change 55
Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sohail, Hussein Alserae, Ayesha Abdul Qadir, Tajammal Hussain, Predrag Ilic, Sobia Riaz and Zikria Zafar

3.1 Introduction 56

3.2 Soil Degradation: Causes and Extent 57

3.2.1 Soil Salinity 59

3.2.2 Erosion 60

3.2.3 Polluted Soils 60

3.3 Management of Soil Degradation 61

3.3.1 Salt-Affected Soil 62

3.3.1.1 Scraping, Leaching, and Salt Flushing 62

3.3.1.2 Chemical Remediation 63

3.3.1.3 Organic and Microbial Remediation 63

3.3.1.4 Irrigation Management 64

3.3.1.5 Phytoextraction 64

3.3.2 Soil Erosion 64

3.3.2.1 Afforestation and Vegetative Cover 65

3.3.2.2 Controlled Grazing 65

3.3.2.3 Flood Control 66

3.3.2.4 Water Conservation 66

3.3.2.5 Fertilizing and Manuring Schemes 66

3.3.3 Soil Pollution 67

3.3.3.1 Encouragement of Permaculture 67

3.3.3.2 Phytoremediation 68

3.3.3.3 Soil Carbon Pool 68

3.3.3.4 Education and Awareness 68

3.3.3.5 Avoiding Monoculture 68

3.4 Win-Win Strategies/Effective Resource Utilization in Management of Degraded Soils 69

3.4.1 Application of Organic Materials 69

3.4.2 Crop Production 70

3.4.3 Carbon Sequestration 70

3.4.4 Soil Degradation Neutralization 71

3.5 Conclusions 71

3.6 Future Perspective of Combating Land Degradation 72

References 72

4 Green Approaches to Mitigate Climate Change Issues in Indian Subcontinent 79
Jayati Chakraborti, Saikat Mondal and Debnath Palit

4.1 Introduction 80

4.1.1 Climate Change and its Impacts on the Indian Subcontinent 80

4.1.2 The Importance of Adopting Green Approaches to Mitigate cc 81

4.1.2.1 Reduction of GHG Emissions 82

4.1.2.2 Preservation of Ecosystems and Biodiversity 82

4.1.2.3 Promotion of Renewable Energy 82

4.1.2.4 Adaptation to CC Impacts 82

4.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives 82

4.2.1 Renewable Energy Initiatives Worldwide 83

4.2.1.1 Paris Agreement (2015) 83

4.2.1.2 European Green Deal (2019) 83

4.2.1.3 Renewable Energy Standard in California (2002) 83

4.2.1.4 Feed-in Tariffs in Germany 83

4.2.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives in India 83

4.2.2.1 National Solar Mission 84

4.2.2.2 Wind Energy Development 84

4.2.2.3 Hydroelectric Power 84

4.2.2.4 Bioenergy Initiatives 84

4.2.3 Role of Different Green Energy in Reducing GHG Emissions 85

4.2.3.1 Solar Power 85

4.2.3.2 Wind Power 86

4.2.3.3 Hydroelectric Power 86

4.2.4 Government Policies and Initiatives Promoting Renewable Energy 87

4.2.4.1 Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) and Feed-In Tariffs (FiTs) 89

4.2.4.2 Investment Tax Credits (ITCs) and Production Tax Credits (PTCs) 89

4.2.4.3 Renewable Energy Standards and Targets 89

4.2.4.4 Green Energy Certificates and Tradable Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) 89

4.2.5 Government Policies in Indian Subcontinent for Promotion of Nonconventional and Renewable Energy Sources 90

4.2.5.1 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (jnnsm) 90

4.2.5.2 Wind Power Policy 90

4.2.5.3 National Biofuel Policy 90

4.2.5.4 Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) 90

4.3 Sustainable Agriculture Practices 91

4.3.1 Sustainable Agriculture Practices in Mitigating CCs 91

4.3.1.1 Conservation Agriculture 91

4.3.1.2 Agroforestry 91

4.3.1.3 Precision Agriculture 91

4.3.1.4 Organic Farming 91

4.3.1.5 Water Management 92

4.3.1.6 Livestock Management 92

4.3.2 Significance of Sustainable Agriculture in Mitigating CC in Indian Subcontinent 92

4.3.2.1 GHG Emissions 92

4.3.2.2 Carbon Sequestration 92

4.3.2.3 Climate Resilience 93

4.3.2.4 Water Conservation 93

4.3.2.5 Livelihoods and Food Security 93

4.3.3 Organic Farming, Agroforestry, and Precision Agriculture as Green Approaches 93

4.3.3.1 Organic Farming 93

4.3.3.2 Agroforestry 93

4.3.3.3 Precision Agriculture 94

4.3.4 Benefits and Challenges of Adopting Sustainable Agriculture Practices 94

4.3.4.1 Knowledge and Awareness Gap 94

4.3.4.2 Financial Constraints 94

4.3.4.3 Policy and Institutional Support 94

4.3.4.4 Market Access and Demand 95

4.3.4.5 Social and Cultural Factors 95

4.4 Forest Conservation and Reforestation in CC Mitigation 95

4.4.1 Role of Forests in Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity Conservation 96

4.4.2 Focuses on Forest Conservation, Afforestation, and Reforestation in Indian Subcontinent 96

4.4.2.1 Green India Mission (GIM) 96

4.4.2.2 National Afforestation Program (NAP) 96

4.4.2.3 Joint Forest Management (JFM) 97

4.4.2.4 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (campa) 97

4.4.2.5 Aranyaani 97

4.5 Waste Management and Circular Economy as Green Approach 97

4.5.1 Waste-to-Energy Projects, Recycling Initiatives, and Sustainable Waste Management Practices in Indian Subcontinent 98

4.5.1.1 Waste-to-Energy Projects 98

4.5.1.2 Recycling Initiatives 100

4.5.1.3 Sustainable Waste Management Practices 100

4.6 Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning 101

4.6.1 Role of Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning in CC and Air Pollution 101

4.6.2 Green Transportation Initiatives, Including Electric Vehicles and Improved Public Transportation and Urban Planning in Indian Subcontinent 101

4.6.2.1 Electric Vehicles (EVs) 101

4.6.2.2 Improved Public Transportation: Metro Rail Systems 102

4.6.2.3 Urban Planning 102

4.7 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience 103

4.7.1 Need for Adaptation Strategies in the Indian Subcontinent 103

4.8 Policies and Governance in Promoting Green Approaches in Indian Subcontinent 103

4.8.1 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) 104

4.8.2 Renewable Energy Policies 104

4.8.3 Energy Efficiency Initiatives 104

4.8.4 Waste Management Policies 104

4.9 Importance of Stakeholder Collaboration and International Cooperation in India in CC Mitigation Through Green Approach 104

4.9.1 Knowledge Sharing 105

4.9.2 Resource Mobilization 105

4.9.3 Policy Development and Implementation 105

4.9.4 Technology Transfer 105

4.9.5 Capacity Building 105

4.10 Challenges and Opportunities Faced in Implementing Green Approaches in the Indian Subcontinent 106

4.11 Conclusion 106

4.11.1 GHG Emission Reduction 107

4.11.2 Climate Adaptation 107

4.11.3 Natural Resource Conservation 107

4.11.4 Socio-Economic Benefits 107

4.11.5 Global Leadership and Collaboration 107

References 108

5 Management of Environmental Pollution: Hyperaccumulator Plants, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), and Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation 115
Tareq A. Madouh and Merlin K. Davidson

5.1 Introduction 116

5.2 Heavy Metals and Environmental Pollution 116

5.2.1 Heavy Metals and Soil Pollution 118

5.2.2 Heavy Metals and Water Pollution 119

5.2.3 Heavy Metals and Air Pollution 119

5.3 Impact of Heavy Metals 120

5.3.1 Heavy Metals on Plant Growth 120

5.3.2 Heavy Metals on Animal Growth 121

5.3.3 Heavy Metal Toxicity of Aquatic Biota 122

5.3.4 Heavy Metal Toxicity of Human Beings 123

5.4 Remediation Measures 124

5.5 Phytoremediation 124

5.5.1 Plant Heavy Metal Toxicity and Their Survival Mechanisms 125

5.5.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Species 126

5.5.2.1 Classification of Hyperaccumulator Plants 127

5.5.2.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Characteristics 128

5.5.3 Mechanisms of Bioremediation 130

5.5.3.1 Phytoextraction 130

5.5.3.2 Phytodegradation 131

5.5.3.3 Rhizodegradation 131

5.5.3.4 Rhizofiltration 131

5.5.3.5 Phytovolatilization 132

5.5.3.6 Phytostabilization 132

5.6 AMF in Heavy Metal Remediation 133

5.6.1 Phytoremediation with AMF 133

5.6.2 Mutualistic Symbiosis of AMF in Rhizosphere 134

5.6.2.1 Bioalleivator 135

5.6.2.2 Biofertilizers 136

5.6.3 AMF-Induced Heavy Metal Detoxification 136

5.7 Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation 138

5.7.1 Biochar 139

5.7.2 Organic Residues for Biochar Fabrication 139

5.7.3 Biochar Attributes 140

5.7.3.1 Physiochemical Properties of Biochar 140

5.7.3.2 Biological Properties of Biochar 140

5.7.4 Nutrient Content of Biochar 141

5.7.5 Merits of Biochar Supplementation to Soil 141

5.7.6 Biochar in Environmental Management 143

5.7.6.1 Biochar–Heavy Metal Interaction 143

5.7.6.2 Bio-Phytoremediation With Biochar 143

5.7.7 Biochar Attributes in Affecting Heavy Metal Toxicity 145

5.7.7.1 Physicochemical Properties of the Contaminated Soil 145

5.7.7.2 Physicochemical Attributes of Biochar 145

5.7.7.3 Biochar Application Modes 146

5.8 Mechanisms of Biochar-AMF–Aided Phytoremediation 148

5.9 Future Prospects and Research Needs 150

5.10 Conclusion 152

References 153

6 Global Climate Change and Ecosystem Services: An Indian Perspective 171
Niladri Sekhar Mondal and Apurba Ratan Ghosh

6.1 Introduction 172

6.2 Understanding Ecosystem Services and Their Importance 173

6.3 Consequences of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services 176

6.3.1 Effects on Supporting Services 176

6.3.1.1 Water Recycling 178

6.3.1.2 Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration 179

6.3.1.3 Nutrient Cycling and Soil Formation 179

6.3.2 Effects on Provisioning Services 180

6.3.2.1 Agricultural Productivity 180

6.3.2.2 Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 181

6.3.2.3 Forest Resources 182

6.3.2.4 Livestock and Grazing Resources 182

6.3.2.5 Energy Resources 183

6.3.3 Effects on Regulating Services 183

6.3.3.1 Climate Regulation 184

6.3.3.2 Disease Regulation 184

6.3.3.3 Flood Control and Water Regulation 185

6.3.3.4 Air Quality Regulation 186

6.3.3.5 Coastal Protection 186

6.3.4 Effects on Cultural Services 187

6.3.4.1 Tourism and Aesthetic Values 187

6.3.4.2 Cultural Heritage 188

6.3.4.3 Spiritual and Religious Connections 188

6.3.4.4 Ecotourism and Sustainable Practices 189

6.4 Policy, Governance, and Future Pathways 190

6.5 Conclusion 191

References 192

7 Mensurational Assessment of Partial, Total Tree, and Stand Mortality of Mangrove Dieback Amidst Climate Change in The Gambia, West Africa 205
Gordon N. Ajonina and J-Hude E. Moudingo

7.1 Introduction 206

7.2 Operational Definition of Dieback 207

7.3 Material and Methods 208

7.3.1 Biodiversity 209

7.3.2 Conservation and Restoration Efforts 209

7.3.3 Integrated Approach to the Dieback Study 209

7.3.4 Survey of Mangrove Sites and Sampling Strategy 210

7.3.5 Measurement Protocols 211

7.3.5.1 Measurement of Tree and Stand Parameters for Forest Structure Following Dieback 211

7.3.5.2 Tree Diameter Measurements 211

7.3.5.3 Tree Height Measurements 212

7.3.5.4 Root, Sapling, and Seedling Inventory 213

7.3.6 Statistical Data Analysis 220

7.4 Findings 221

7.4.1 Situation of Dieback in Study Areas 221

7.4.1.1 Overview of Vegetation Profile and Structure in Affected and Healthy Sites 221

7.5 Conclusions 243

7.6 Management of Mangrove Ecosystem Against Dieback and Future Outlook 244

Acknowledgments 245

References 245

8 Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Sustainability: Issues, Challenges, and Bioremediation Strategies 249
Sudeshna Mitra, Prosanta Saha and Debnath Palit

8.1 Introduction 250

8.1.1 Heavy Metal Pollution and Global Sustainability 250

8.1.2 Metals Considered as “Heavy” Types 251

8.1.3 Sources of HMs in Environment 251

8.1.3.1 Lithogenic Sources (Natural Sources) 253

8.1.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources (Manmade Sources) 255

8.2 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Heavy Metals 256

8.3 Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals 257

8.3.1 Mechanism of Physical Remediation 262

8.3.1.1 Reverse Osmosis 262

8.3.1.2 Filtration 262

8.3.1.3 Electrodialysis 262

8.3.2 Mechanism of Chemical Remediation 267

8.3.2.1 Ion Exchange 267

8.3.2.2 Adsorption 267

8.3.2.3 Chemical Precipitation 268

8.3.3 Bioremediation 268

8.3.3.1 Mechanism of Bioremediation 269

8.4 Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Heavy Metal Remediation 277

8.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals by Biofilms 279

8.4.2 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Biosurfactants 279

8.4.3 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Nanoparticles 280

8.4.4 Genetic Engineering in Heavy Metal Bioremediation 280

8.4.5 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Biosensors 281

8.5 Conclusion 281

References 282

9 Innovative Techniques for Soil and Water Conservation 291
Maghchiche Abdelhak

9.1 Introduction 292

9.2 Importance of Soil and Water Conservation 294

9.2.1 Traditional Soil and Water Conservation Methods 295

9.2.2 Need for Innovative Techniques 296

9.3 Emerging Technologies in Soil and Water Conservation 297

9.3.1 Holistic Climate-Resilient Land, Soil, and Water Management Technologies and Practices 297

9.3.2 Water-Efficient Technology 297

9.3.3 AI-Driven Management 298

9.3.4 Remote Sensing Technology 299

9.3.5 Atmospheric Water Irrigation System 299

9.3.6 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 300

9.3.7 Rainwater Collection Systems 300

9.3.8 Precision Farming 300

9.3.9 Conservation Tillage 300

9.4 Innovative Techniques for Soil Conservation 300

9.4.1 Polymers and Biopolymers for Soil Conservation 301

9.4.1.1 Biopolymer-Based Soil Treatment (BPST) 302

9.4.1.2 Environmentally Friendly Soil Binders 302

9.4.1.3 Cross-Linked Polymer Soil Stabilizer 303

9.4.1.4 Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 303

9.4.1.5 Leather Waste-Derived Fertilizers 303

9.5 Nanotechnology for Soil and Water Conservation 304

9.5.1 Water Purification 304

9.5.2 Soil Remediation 304

9.5.2.1 Nanomaterials and Soil Stabilization 305

9.5.2.2 Enhancing Plant Growth with Nanoparticles 307

9.5.2.3 Soil Erosion Control 307

9.6 Innovative Techniques for Water Conservation 308

9.6.1 Rainwater Storage and Reuse 308

9.6.2 Precision Irrigation Technologies 308

9.6.3 Water-Saving Technology 308

9.6.4 Digital Water Management 309

9.6.5 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment 309

9.6.6 Desalination 310

9.6.7 Wastewater Processing 311

9.6.8 Advanced Filtration 312

9.6.9 Improved Sensors 313

9.6.9.1 Soil Moisture Sensors 313

9.6.9.2 Remote Sensing Technology 313

9.6.9.3 Wireless Sensors 313

9.6.9.4 Integration with Decision Support Systems 314

9.6.10 Satellite Telemetry 314

9.7 Challenges and Opportunities in Adopting Innovative Techniques for Water and Soil Conservation 314

9.7.1 Challenges in Adopting Innovative Techniques 314

9.7.1.1 Traditional Mindset and Resistance to Change 315

9.7.1.2 Skills and Training Shortage 315

9.7.1.3 Expense and Investment 315

9.7.1.4 Time and Resources for Acquiring and Implementing New Tools 315

9.7.1.5 Adapting to Swift Technological Progress 315

9.7.2 Opportunities for Adopting Innovative Techniques 316

9.7.2.1 Enhanced Efficiency 316

9.7.2.2 Increased Productivity 316

9.7.2.3 Cost Reduction 316

9.7.2.4 Competitive Advantage 316

9.7.2.5 Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity 316

9.7.2.6 Advanced Resource Management 317

9.7.2.7 Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis 317

9.7.2.8 Collaborative Knowledge Sharing 317

9.7.2.9 Addressing Societal Challenges 317

9.8 Conclusion 317

9.9 Future Outlook for Innovative Water and Soil Conservation 318

References 319

10 “Green Technology”—Efficient Solution Toward Environmental Management in 21st Century 327
Sangeeta Banerjee and Debnath Palit

10.1 Introduction 328

10.1.1 General Aims and Objectives of Green Technology 328

10.1.2 Necessity of Green Technology for Environmental Management 329

10.1.3 Nexus Between Green Technology, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability 331

10.1.3.1 Green Technology and Climate Change 332

10.1.3.2 Green Technology and Ecosystem Management 333

10.1.3.3 Green Technology and Global Sustainability 333

10.2 Application of Green Technology in Different Sectors 334

10.2.1 Energy 336

10.2.1.1 Renewable Energy Sources 336

10.2.1.2 Energy-Efficient Technology 339

10.2.2 Agriculture 340

10.2.3 Waste Management and Recycling 341

10.2.4 Building and Construction 342

10.2.5 Vertical Gardens and Farms 342

10.2.6 Transportation 343

10.2.7 Emission Treatment 343

10.2.8 Water Treatment 343

10.2.9 Air Purification 344

10.2.10 Healthcare 344

10.2.11 Food and Its Processing 345

10.3 Challenges in Adopting Green Technology 345

10.4 Government Initiative in Green Technology 345

10.5 Some Green Companies in India 349

10.6 Conclusion 349

10.7 Future Perspective of Green Technology Toward Environmental Management 349

References 350

11 Navigating Sustainability and Ecosystem Management Through a Systemic Lens: Core Principles 353
Leonid Melnyk, Inna Koblianska, Iryna Dehtyarova and Oleksandr Kubatko

11.1 Introduction 354

11.2 Prerequisites for the Shift Toward Sustainability: A Historical and Resource-Energy Perspective 356

11.3 Natural and Societal Underpinnings of Sustainability 359

11.4 Systemic Basics of Natural and Social Object Functioning 363

11.5 Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management Through the Prism of System Principles 367

11.6 Contours of Sustainable Economy 369

11.7 Key Pathways for Advancing Sustainable Economy 372

11.8 Principles of Natural and Social Systems’ Sustainable Development 374

11.9 Ecosystems’ Contributions to Maintaining Equilibrium in a Sustainable Economy 386

11.10 Mechanisms of Sustainability Transformation 387

11.11 Conclusions 389

References 391

12 A Vulnerability Study on Groundwater Arsenic Exposures and Possible Sustainable Management Options 397
Alok Chandra Samal, Piyal Bhattacharya, Anusaya Mallick, Manoj Kumar Kar and Subhas Chandra Santra

12.1 Introduction 398

12.2 Toxicity of Arsenic 399

12.3 Origin and Mobility of Arsenic in the Environment 400

12.4 Arsenic in Soil and Crops 401

12.4.1 Arsenic in Soil 401

12.4.2 Arsenic in Crops and Vegetables 402

12.5 Epidemiology of Chronic Arsenicosis 404

12.6 Arsenic Flow in Ecosystems 404

12.7 Arsenic-Induced Health Risks Through Dietary Pathway 405

12.8 Strategic Management of Arsenic Contamination 406

12.8.1 Arsenic Transport and Control Mechanism 406

12.8.2 Arsenic Removal Technology Options 406

12.9 Biological Techniques for Removal of Arsenic 408

12.9.1 Phytoremediation of Arsenic Through Hyperaccumulation Plants 409

12.10 Water Resource Management for Minimization of Arsenic Contamination 409

12.10.1 Watershed Management 409

12.10.2 Irrigation Planning for Agricultural Practice 410

12.11 Conclusions 410

12.12 Future Research and Development Toward Management of Groundwater Contamination of Arsenic 411

References 411

13 Lessons Learned From Six Landscape Restoration Initiatives in Cameroon with Focus on the Species Selection and Women’s Involvement 427
Hermann Taedoumg and Francois Manga Essouma

13.1 Introduction 428

13.2 Site and Project Selection 431

13.3 Data Collection Device 431

13.4 General Characterization 431

13.5 Species Choice 438

13.6 Key Aspects and Lessons Learned 442

13.6.1 Specific Lessons Learned From REPARAC/IRAD (ri1) 444

13.6.2 Specific Lessons From “Un Parisien, un arbre” (ri2) 444

13.6.3 Specific Lessons From “Dimako Communal Forestry” (RI3) 445

13.6.4 Specific Lessons From “Sahel Vert Reforestation Operation” (RI4) 445

13.6.5 Specific Lessons From “PRODEBALT” (RI5) 446

13.6.6 Specific Lessons From “Water, Soil, and Trees (ESA)” (ri6) 446

13.7 Conclusions Recommendations and Future Perspectives 447

13.7.1 Conclusions 447

13.7.2 Recommendations 449

13.7.3 Future Perspective of Landscape Restoration 450

References 450

14 Micropollutants in Environment: Sources, Ecotoxicity, and Strategies for Remediation 453
Abhratanu Ganguly, Sayantani Nanda, Kanchana Das, Siddhartha Ghanty, Gopal Biswas, Moutushi Mandi, Sagarika Mukherjee, Manas Paramanik and Prem Rajak

14.1 Introduction 454

14.2 Environmental Pollution as a Decade-Old Concern 455

14.3 Micropollutants in the Environment and Their Sources 457

14.3.1 Fertilizers and Pesticides 457

14.3.2 Textile Dyes 458

14.3.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 459

14.3.4 Particulate Matters 460

14.3.5 Microplastics 466

14.3.6 Heavy Metals 467

14.3.7 Distribution of Micropllutants on Global and Indian Perspective 468

14.4 Ecotoxicity of Micropollutants 469

14.4.1 Impacts on Invertebrates 469

14.4.2 Impacts on Fish 470

14.4.3 Impacts on Amphibians and Reptiles 471

14.4.4 Impacts on Birds 472

14.4.5 Impacts on Mammals and Humans 472

14.5 Molecular Mechanism of Toxicity 474

14.6 Remedial Approaches 474

14.6.1 Bioremediation 474

14.6.2 Physico-Chemical Remediation 475

14.7 Future Research and Development on Micropollutants for Sustainable Ecosystem Management 477

14.8 Conclusion 478

Acknowledgments 478

References 479

15 Acid Mine Drainage: A Silent Threat to Environmental Health and Its Journey Toward Sustainable Management 493
Sagarika Mukherjee, Manas Paramanik, Sudip Paramanik, Suman Dasmodak, Prem Rajak and Abhratanu Ganguly

15.1 Introduction 494

15.2 Understanding the Genesis and Characteristics of AMD 496

15.3 Scenario of AMD in Globe and Indian Subcontinent 499

15.4 Impacts of AMD 499

15.4.1 Impact on Economy 499

15.4.2 Impact on Environment and Life Forms 500

15.4.3 Impact on Human Health 502

15.5 Prevention of AMD 502

15.5.1 Controlling AMD Formation 502

15.5.2 Controlling AMD Migration 503

15.6 Remediation from AMD 504

15.7 Sustainable Mining Practices 506

15.7.1 Reuse of Resources 506

15.7.1.1 Conventional Membrane Methods 506

15.7.1.2 Alternative Membrane Methods 507

15.7.2 Resource Recovery 508

15.8 Conclusion 510

15.9 Future Researches and Development in AMD 510

References 511

16 Bio-Collage Mode of Plantation for Increase in Green Cover to Manage Ecosystem and Environment 519
Subhra Bandopadhyay and Debnath Palit

16.1 Introduction 520

16.2 Background 521

16.3 Objective 522

16.3.1 Deforestation 523

16.3.2 Global Warming 523

16.3.3 Habitat Destruction 523

16.3.4 Urbanization 523

16.4 Practices of Plantation 525

16.4.1 Ancient Practices of Plantation 525

16.4.2 Social Forestry and Afforestation Practices 525

16.4.3 Extant Method of Plantation Including Afforestation 525

16.5 Recast Modality of Plantation 526

16.5.1 Category 1 (“Add-On” Initiative) 526

16.5.2 Category 2 (“In-Pair” Initiative) 528

16.5.3 Category 3 (“Fabric” Initiative) 529

16.6 Elaboration of Suitable Plant Types 530

16.6.1 Shade Trees as Found Planted on the Sides of Road Corridors 530

16.6.2 Edible Fruit Plants as Found Planted Scatteredly or on Isolated Places as well as on the Road Side 530

16.6.3 Ornamental Plants Usually Found as Avenue Trees in Most Cities/Towns for Showy Flowers or Appreciable Shapes of the Plant 530

16.6.4 Trees Found Wild or Selectively Planted 530

16.6.5 Low-Height or Shrubby Plants Beautifying the Median Strip of National Highways and State Highways 531

16.7 Statutory Precaution 532

16.8 Future Directive 533

16.8.1 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature and Ecosystem Management 534

16.8.2 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature Toward Combatting Environmental Pollution and Climate Change 535

16.8.3 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature Toward Environmental Sustainability 536

16.9 Conclusion 536

References 537

17 The Impact of Unsustainable Development and Climate Change on Agriculture and Forestry in Nigeria: Predictions, Solutions, and Management 541
Aroloye O. Numbere, Keayiabarido Jude, Sobomate B. Chuku, Miracle C. Uzoma, Chinedu Obanye, Peace Ohia, Udi Emoyoma and Ibiene W. Dick-Abbey

17.1 Introduction 542

17.2 Unsustainable Development: The Nigeria Perspective 542

17.3 Fisheries and Vegetation Resources in Nigeria 544

17.3.1 Sustainable Fisheries Management 547

17.4 Climate Change Scenario in Nigeria 549

17.4.1 Wetland, Agriculture, Forest, and Land Resources 549

17.4.2 Sand Land Characteristics 550

17.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources 551

17.5.1 Impact on Wetlands 551

17.5.2 Impact of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources 552

17.6 Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Natural Resources 553

17.6.1 Anthropogenic Activities 554

17.6.2 Natural Resources 554

17.6.3 Impact on Water Bodies 555

17.6.4 Impact on Air 555

17.6.5 Impact on Land and Soil 556

17.6.6 Impact on Biodiversity 556

17.7 Environmental Management of Natural Resources 557

17.8 Solutions to Present and Future Climate Change Predictions 558

17.8.1 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions 558

17.8.2 Decarbonizing Transportation 560

17.8.3 Reforestation and Afforestation 561

17.8.4 Renewable Energy in Buildings 563

17.8.5 Methane and Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Emission Reduction 565

17.8.5.1 Methane (CH4) 565

17.8.5.2 Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs) 567

17.9 Policy Decision and Regulation/Legal Framework 570

17.10 Conclusion and Recommendations 571

17.11 Future Perspective 571

References 572

18 Monitoring Water Quality to Support Sustainable Development: A Case Study From a Small Tropical Mountain River System, Southwest of Kerala, India 581
Shabna Sherin, K.S. Arunkumar and Sreechitra Suresh

18.1 Introduction 582

18.2 Data and Methodology 582

18.2.1 Study Area 582

18.2.2 Materials and Methods 583

18.3 Results and Discussion 584

18.3.1 Piper Diagram 587

18.3.2 Gibbs Diagram 588

18.3.3 Comparison Graphs of HCO 3 Versus Ca + Mg, Total Cations Versus Na + K, and Total Cations Versus Ca + Mg 588

18.3.4 Correlation Matrix 590

18.3.5 Water Quality Assessments 591

18.3.5.1 Drinking Water Quality 591

18.3.5.2 Irrigation Water Quality 592

18.4 Conclusion 596

18.5 Future Perspective of Water Quality Monitoring and Environmental Sustainability 597

Acknowledgment 597

References 597

19 Wetland Management Through Integrated Fish Farming: An Institutional Case Study 599
Saurabh Sarkar, Sukhendu Roy, Aparnita Nandi Roy, Ankit Kumar Bhagat, Hemanta Mukhopadhyay and Uday Chand Mete

19.1 Introduction 600

19.1.1 Wetlands and Their Importance 601

19.1.2 Necessity for Wetland Management 601

19.1.3 Integrated Fish Farming Scenario Across the Globe and Indian Subcontinent 602

19.2 Wetland/Water Body 603

19.2.1 Study Area 604

19.3 Aquaculture Research and Training Unit 605

19.3.1 Establishment of Aquaculture Research and Training Unit 605

19.3.2 Objective of Aquaculture Research and Training Unit 606

19.3.2.1 Education for the Students 606

19.3.2.2 Research 607

19.3.2.3 Training Program 607

19.3.2.4 Entrepreneurship 607

19.4 Management of Water Body 608

19.4.1 Pisciculture 609

19.4.1.1 Pond Preparation 609

19.4.1.2 Fish Varieties 610

19.4.1.3 Release of Fingerling 610

19.4.1.4 Inspection and Sampling 611

19.4.1.5 Feeding and Rearing 611

19.4.1.6 Capture of Adult Fishes and Other Aquatic Animals 612

19.4.1.7 Marketing 613

19.4.1.8 Education and Training 614

19.4.2 Larvicidal Fish Culture Hub 615

19.4.2.1 Pond Preparation 615

19.4.2.2 Fish Varieties 615

19.4.2.3 Release of Larvicidal Fishes 616

19.4.2.4 Rearing/Culture of Larvicidal Fishes 617

19.4.2.5 Dengue/Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevention 617

19.4.2.6 Community Service 617

19.4.3 Sustainable Development 618

19.4.3.1 Wastewater Management via Phytoremediation 619

19.4.3.2 Ecosystem Conservation 620

19.4.3.3 Conservation of Natural Habitat 621

19.5 Future Plans 622

19.5.1 Integrated Poultry and Pearl Culture 622

19.5.2 Larvicidal Fish Marketing, Aquarium Establishment, Ornamental, as well as Training 623

19.5.3 Medicinal Plant Garden 623

19.5.4 Butterfly Conservation Center 623

19.5.5 Establishment of Biodiversity Park 624

19.6 Future Research and Development in Integrated Fish Farming and Wetland Management 624

19.7 Conclusion 624

References 625

20 Millet-Based Food Adoption for Environmental Sustainability and Nutritional Security 629
Anusaya Mallick, Kumar Rajnish, Kausik Mondal, Rasmani Hazra and Alok Chandra Samal

20.1 Introduction 630

20.2 Origin of Millets 632

20.3 Global Distribution and Production of Millets 634

20.4 Distribution of Millet Cultivation in India 636

20.5 Millets with Their Nutritional Value 639

20.5.1 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) 639

20.5.2 Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) 639

20.5.3 Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) 640

20.5.4 Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) 640

20.5.5 Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) 640

20.5.6 Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) 640

20.5.7 Little Millet (Panicum miliare) 641

20.5.8 Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa crusgalli) 641

20.5.9 Browntop Millet (Brachiaria ramose) 641

20.6 Millet Cultivation Toward Environmental Resilience and Agricultural Sustainability 643

20.7 Health Benefits of Millet 644

20.8 Effect of Millet Consumption on Gut Microbiome 645

20.9 Constraints of Millet Production 646

20.10 Millet-Based Value-Added Products 647

20.10.1 Food Products 647

20.10.2 Millet as Bio-Fuel 647

20.10.3 Millet as Fodder 649

20.10.4 Millet as Beverages 649

20.11 Millet as the Staple Food for Tribal Community 649

20.12 Millet Movement Under Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Program 650

20.13 Conclusion 650

20.14 Future Research and Development in Sustainable Millet Production and Environmental Sustainability 651

References 652

About the Editors 659

Index 661